Cars and Bikes Essay

Cars and Bikes Bikes and cars are two of the many ways of transportation. Both can be used to drive people to places they want to go to without walking. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. And each has its own type and standard of people as well as its different uses and forms. Not all the people could afford buying a car. A car could be very expensive to some people. For example, we often see poor people riding bicycles in the middle of the streets. For those people, bikes are their only way of transportation to their work, to the market, to schools, to anywhere they want to get to as long as it’s not too far away. Bikes are also used by kids to play and have fun with their friends in the club or something like that. Poor people cannot be found driving a car, because bikes are way cheaper to them and are something they can hardly afford to get. Cars are used to travel to different places and cities, which means that they’re good for long distances because they’re faster and safer than bikes. Cars work with motors that make them easy to drive, and long distances would not be a problem to the driver because he doesn’t put so much effort to make the car move. However, a bike is mostly moved by all the efforts the rider can put. No motor or anything, but it’s all by moving the rider’s leg, and it’s so slow that it can never be used for long distances. Moreover, bikes are so dangerous compared to cars. Passengers in a car are more protected against accidents or any injuries. The car includes a lot of advantages that help to protect them, like the seat belt, the air bag and the car’s roof that covers the driver and all the other passengers. While a person who rides a bike is more likely to get injured badly when he gets hit by a car, or happens to get involved in a simple accident as there’s no roof to protect him and a bike isn’t strong enough to handle any tough situation. A serious accident happening to a bike’s rider can even lead to death sometimes as the injuries may get so dangerous. Basically, as we can see there are so many things these two means of transportation differ in, but still they both serve for the same purpose. For short distances, it doesn’t really matter which mean to choose; they’d both get you to the place you want to reach. They both are fun to use. But it always depends on the people and the right usage. Finally, I totally prefer driving a car than riding a bike in general even for very short distances. Because using a car is much safer and easier and doesn’t take too much effort unlike using a bike. Though, I can’t deny that riding a bike with friends in a summer spot, on the beach or in the club could be so much fun.

Discrimination story

The movie â€Å"The Great Debaters† shows how there were discrimination and corruption in the society 75 years ago. The movie somewhat relates to discrimination and corruption to this day. For example, back in 1935, white people thought black people were lower than them. In 2013, some Americans think they are above illegal immigrants from Mexico. The racial profiling of Arabic people can compare to the thinking that every black person in the movie was a share cropper.Those are Just a ewe examples of the movie's relation to discrimination in today's United States of America. Illegal immigration can be related to how white people thought they were higher in society than black people in the sass's. Some Americans now think they are higher than immigrants from Mexico, and that is wrong. No one is higher than someone socially. I believe that illegal immigration should be stopped, but I also believe that I am no better than any one of the illegal immigrants.Americans think that Mexi can immigrants are taking our Jobs, which may or may not be true. But either way, I believe, that as long as they have documentation, they have a right to make a living. There was recently an issue of racial profiling against Arabic people because of the 9/1 1 attacks and others. This would probably be because people think that all terrorists are Muslim and none of them deserve to be on airplanes because of what happened almost 12 years ago. There have been many incidents of hate crimes against Muslim people.It has somewhat of a relation to the movie. The sheriff was beating up the two black people because of the sharecropping, so he thought that all black people were to blame. Even discrimination against gay people is an issue. There are anti-gay crimes all over the place. You hear people call each other the f-word or Just straight up â€Å"gay'. It is really not cool to say those things. Just because someone is gay does not mean they are not human. Every human is human, no matter what race, gender, sexuality, religion, or background.

Work and education experience Personal Statement

Work and education experience - Personal Statement Example The skills learned in this office helped to shape my new mind toward business. As a sales assistant I was able to work and interact with many different varieties of people with different beliefs and personal values. There is much discussion today about how to manage people successfully with diversity being a regular theme. In a sales assistant position, the salesperson needs to understand how to work with clients of many backgrounds and understand some of the psychology about how they speak and act. Many of the trainings given as the sales assistant included customer service values and how to handle complicated customer situations with professionalism and respect. I believe these customer service and diversity values are some of the most important parts of business experience which makes for a better company leader. Education includes Mayflower Junior School in Nigeria from September 1988 to June 1993 with what is referred to in that area as a first leaving certificate. This certificate acts as proof of successful completion of the early program. Olivet Baptist School was the secondary school which I attended from September 1993 to June 1998. After completing the traditional schooling, I then studied at Cumprint Computer College in 2000. Here I learned many technologies and software packages and how to manage data using spreadsheets and other programs like Microsoft Powerpoint. These skills have been very important because they give me better tools for managing business and keeping track of important customer information. The Carlton Institute of Beauty is my final education experience which is liked to my long-term goals and business ambitions. Here I learn the many skills necessary to provide good customer service and also the tools for making the world a more beautiful place. STUDY SKILLS TECHNIQUES I discovered that beauty is the area of business which most interests me out of many other possible decisions I could have made regarding my education. Because of this I am always focused on the speaker in the lecture room and dedicated to learning. I also would believe that the lecturer would be very motivated to give a great lecture if they know that the students are interested. There is a kind of dual respect in the classroom which is necessary, so I think that respect and attention is one great study skill. I have even made flash cards for myself in areas where my knowledge is weakest. I try to understand which topics are most difficult for me to remember and then figure out interesting ways to link a concept. I think the key is to understand personal weaknesses in studying and then come up with a new and interesting way to make learning easier. Taking notes is also a technique that I use because it helps me to log information as it is learned in real time. If there is something that I believe will be of the highest importance for a future exam or test, I make sure to write it down. Afterward, I look over the information and try to remember why I found it important enough to write down. This keeps me always in focus and always thinking about classroom information so that I am not distracted to other situations. I think taking notes for me is about self-discipline. ACADEMIC SKILLS PROFILE My reading and writing have improved greatly. Using the skills that I learned at the Cumprint Computer College, I am able to

Change mangement in Qantas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Change mangement in Qantas - Essay Example This section will illustrate the specific principles through the application of the KT approach of project management. This approach will split the project into three basic areas, in which communication occurs over all levels as shown below; The KT process will help Qantas in the analysis of implementation of goals via a systematic process of decision-making. It will apply in this case because it aids in achievement of improved satisfaction of customers, increasing sales, and the elimination of problems in sales (Biech, 2010: p44). The first step is analysis, where they will come up with rough goals to improve business like marketing of new products to clients. The management team will collect information from market data, databases, competitors, and customer surveys and sort through it to collect information accurately since this data forms assumptions on which all KT steps in the future will be undertaken. The second step is the strategy where Qantas, using all relevant data will h ave its management craft cost effective plans that accomplish the goals. They will take into consideration all barriers that may hinder the objectives, scope and types of products and services offered, new business sources, how to attain competitive advantage, as well as goal timeframes (Biech, 2010: p45). Following the strategy creation, a project design will be created and presented to the owner. In the third step, Qantas will consider the designs presented by the managers, as well as have the managers pitch strategies in the strategy session. Qantas, using the management team, will select the best strategy and come up with a master plan. This will include the project’s purpose, its schedule, project stages, and resources that are needed to meet the objectives (Biech, 2010: p45). Following this, the next phase is the implementation of the master plan through assigning various tasks and training the management in the fulfillment of roles. The KT process is emphatic on hands- off approach, which requires little interference where managers and employees only get required skills needed to complete objectives in the plan. Qantas should also ensure that the employees are constantly informed on the progress of the plan, only becoming active in the plan implementation when deadlines are not met. The final step is review, where Qantas while using the KT process need to review whether the plan is working after it is implemented since the plans are not necessarily considerate of all relevant variables in meeting the goals of the business (Biech, 2010: p47). As the project concludes, they should update the master plan to improve on the results. Should the project fail because of inaccurate research, the plan should be scrapped altogether and more time focused on the KT process’ analysis step. It is also opined that that Qantas used the popular Kotter’s 8 steps model as it is displayed in figure 2: Figure 2 steps to successful change The first step th ey would take would be creating a sense of urgency since everyone at Qantas will have to be behind the change and believe in it. They should identify potential threats with concurrent scenarios of possibilities in the future (Cameron & Green, 2012:

Have British governments been 'tough' or 'tolerant' on race and Essay

Have British governments been 'tough' or 'tolerant' on race and immigration - or have they simply 'muddled through' - Essay Example The national security forces are engaged in patrolling the shoreline of the country so that illegal immigration can be reduced in terms of intensity and volume. Historically, the English policy towards managing illegal immigration was quite lenient but with the passage of time, as economic conditions got worse then, the immigration policy tightened. The governmental offices do not waste much time in deporting the illegal visitors so that population growth should be kept under control. The national per-capita income reduced significantly during the past few years. The dropdown of per-capita income is considered a direct response towards national level failure of the country in making a switch from industrialization to services. The English administrators and government are notorious for their egoistic attitudes and therefore, they attempted to carry out industrialization and services in parallel while, failing to keep their cost advantage intact in the global market. The English and A merican products were literally beaten up by the Chinese ones in the boundary-less marketplace (Nolan 2001). The American industrialists responded to the challenge effectively by outsourcing their productions to China whereas, the English business professionals falsely tried to save their national pride. The consequences of a wrong and unduly enforced strategic choice are becoming obvious in terms of lowering Gross Domestic Product and per-capita income. The nationalism is the one concept that experienced significant level of deformation in the recent years and the English government attempted to revitalize a dying notion that resulted in a prevailing horrific fiscal conditions (Burgoyne 2000). Previously, the nation was more than happy in accommodating immigrants who had a clean criminal record in the home country and used them as a means of promoting itself in the form of a humanitarian nation. The actual cause of helping the immigrants is to counteract negative growth of populati on while, increasing available and willing workforce. Thusly, the immigration policy of England was quite relaxed and the gaining of entry was also relatively easy in the past. The relaxed immigration policy was a manifestation of excellent economic conditions that were known to prevail in the last years of 20th century. However, as the world entered into the electronic era of the 21st century then, it rapidly converged to become a global village. The economic interdependencies increased and nations developed growing number of collaborative contractual agreements in order to manage the uncertainty of the global economic system (Hannon, Huang, & Jaw 1995). The technology improved and helped the global economic leaders in attaining widening cost related advantages as their ability to attain economies of scale and scope developed and strengthened. Nevertheless, Britain felt reluctant towards collaboration of their corporate activities with rest of the world and therefore, experienced l oneliness in the global market. Additionally, the national ability to develop and implement efficient technology reduced. In this way, the leading economy of the past failed in terms of sniffing the winds and due to this reason, it readily failed to maintain a proper and respectable place in the changing world order (Jensen 2002). The English philosophers are believed to be the providers of management theories and other

The Role of Activating Home-school Partnership in Education of Essay

The Role of Activating Home-school Partnership in Education of Mentally Retarded and Its Effect - Essay Example with their peers in the community setting gives them an opportunity to be free and express themselves hence the ultimate development in their communication. Students experience more communication in the activated partnership through interaction than a specialized classroom. A partnership environment setting gives the students an opportunity and supports them in increasing a variety of skills in social, cultural and academic interaction. Furthermore, the students in partnership collaboration develop physical coordination and skills by observing those in the community, school and family. Inclusion of the students in partnership is a vital approach in ensuring that severely retarded students acquire and develop their communication skills just as their other peers (Allen & McLaughlin, 1995).. Thus fully activated home school partnership is important in ensuring the development of communication skills among the retarded students. Typically developing peers The home - school partnership is essential in the development of the mentally disabled students. Peers, both in school and community play an important role in this inclusion process (Cole & Meyer, (1991. Retarded students are given an opportunity to interact and observe the behavior of the typical peers in society hence furthering their development. Peers have positive effects on the life and development of the disabled students. They play important roles of tutors and guides to the mentally retarded students hence contributing positively towards disabled’s development. The peers in the activation process, are helpful in many ways. They help the other students to manage their communications, facilitate their interaction and participation both in society and class setting as well as pairing of themselves and the... This paper approves that activation of home-school partnership results to changes in the system of education that aims to improve the education. This gives rise to assistive technology that changes the lives of the mentally disabled students as it makes it possible for them to participate in more activities that the previously; you were not able to. Furthermore, the assistive technology recognizes the different unique characteristics of the mentally retarded students thus providing the disparities in the usage for the good of the students. This beneficial and vital technology requires the collaboration of all stakeholders for them to be made available to students. The family should play its part in learning the usage from the schools so as to aid their children while at home to ensure continuity. The collaboration also ensures that the activities done outside the classroom setting but are in line with that class is effectively performed. Aside from the normal teachers, there are many professional facilitators that play supportive roles in the partnership aimed at the successful inclusion of the process. This essay makes a conclusion that home-school partnership plays an important role in the development of student education as well as achievement at all levels of society. There is better communication, improved teacher student relations and deeper understanding of the behaviors and needs of the students that are realized through this partnership. There is need therefore to increase the collaboration of family, community and schools to improve education and living standards of the mentally retarded students.

The Process of Changing the Oil in Your Car Research Paper

The Process of Changing the Oil in Your Car - Research Paper Example To change the oil, you need to drain the car first of its old oil. The used oil can be drained out of the oil pan at bottom of your engine. The pan that holds the oil has a drain plug that looks like a big bolt of which you need to remove to drain the old oil. But before removing the drain plug, make sure that you have already positioned your container beneath the oil drain. The container will catch the used oil as it spills out of the pan. When it is already in place, you can now remove the drain plug and let the old oil pour into the container. When all of the old oil is already drained into your container, replace the drain plug and tighten it. After draining the pan of the used oil, you have to remove the old oil filter. Most of the time, you will have to be under your car to do this but sometimes it can be reached from the top of the engine that you will not have to crawl under your car. You can remove the old oil filter by using an oil filter wrench to turn it in the counter clockwise until it’s loosed. But before installing the new oil filter, lubricate it first with the new oil so that rubber gasket can easily be screwed when you install it. After lubricating the new oil filter, you can now fill it with the new oil of about 2/3 of its capacity. After that, you can now install it into its place. Carefully hold it upright and screw it clockwise; remember to be careful because it has oil in it so it won’t spill. Lastly, you can now fill the engine with your new oil. To do this, just remove or unscrew the oil fill cap and inject the smaller end of your funnel. At this stage, it is important to check your owne r’s manual if you are doing this the first time of how much oil your engine can hold. The amount of oil your engine can hold varies with different type of vehicles so it is important to check. When you have already checked the capacity of oil your engine can hold, put the new oil in it remembering that the amount of oil you have put into the engine will be just a little more than ? of what it can hold. Never throw you used oil on the ground, nor dispose it on a river, creek or in a garbage bin. Remember that oil is combustible and can be dangerous to any organism living in a body of water. Instead, call your local gas station or oil change station and ask if they would like to have your used oil. Most of them would take your used oil because this can be recycled for future use. This would not only decrease our dependence for foreign sources oil but also helps to preserve the environment as well. When you have done all of this process without a glitch, congratulate yourself fo r you have just saved yourself some money. Word count: 760

Differences between b2b marketing and b2c marketing Essay

Differences between b2b marketing and b2c marketing - Essay Example You need to distinguish first whom your target client is, then evaluate why this specific client needs to heed your point. From that point, the promoting exercises take center stage. While enthusiastic variables have substantial influence in a shoppers choice to buy an item, B2B acquiring choices is less passionate and more errand-situated. Protracted and complex deals cycles help to develop solid B2B vender purchaser connections and brand unwaveringness contrasted with B2C marketing. Nonetheless, B2C and B2B marketing targets both reflect the essential standards of the marketing blend. An authoritative objective of B2C promoting is to change over clients into consistent purchasers as commandingly and dependably as could be permitted. Adjei and Clark (2010) highlighted that B2C organizations utilize additional marketing exercises such as coupons, showcases, storefronts (both physical and online), and presents to allure the target business sector to purchase products. B2C promoting battles are focused on the means of trade that have a short span, and the urge to catch the clients advantage quickly. These crusades regularly offer exceptional arrangements, rebates, or tickets, which could be utilized both on the internet and as a part of the store. Case in point, the objective of using an email address battle to advertise a B2C organization is to acquire shoppers to purchase the item promptly. The address will direct buyers to a greeting page on the location intended to offer the item and make buying simple by coordinating the shopping truck and evaluation page that l ands them into the stream of the exchange. Anything beyond a few clicks will make the clients be prone to relinquish the shopping truck. One fascinating part of B2C advertising, nonetheless, is that numerous organizations have understood the significance of faithfulness. In spite of the fact that the objective of B2B promoting is to change prospects into

What aspects of speech perception and preverbal communication prepare Essay

What aspects of speech perception and preverbal communication prepare infants for language development - Essay Example Language acquisition is partly learned and partly innate as infants interact with the people around them and their environment. For some children, picking up a language is the easiest thing in the world, but for others it is the hardest. Many factors are responsible for this such as genetic factors and factors relating to our family background, experiences and exposure. Tiny tots pick up the language without any formal training just by listening and practicing. They often surprise us with their use of words and phrases and often leave us wondering as to who taught them. For a child learning a language comes naturally by instinct. It doesn’t need to be taught, but nurtured and groomed. There is an ongoing debate about whether the human language gradually evolved from more primitive forms of communication like shouts, gestures or calls or whether the language feature is something unique to all humans. As Leaky (1994) states that â€Å"language is a defining point in human prehistory†, it is evident that language evolved. But the question is, did language evolve early, during the evolution of humans? Chomsky advocates that, â€Å"evolved as an ability that arose as a consequence of the growing brain and therefore appeared late in our evolution†. According to Tomassello 1999, the distinct feature of joint attention is what distinguishes us humans from apes. Therefore, the evolution of language is inextricably linked to joint attention. It is this feature that helps us to acquire knowledge and use it not only for communication but in the description of abstract things which are not within our reach. Primates are not capable of joint attention and therefore cannot learn a language well. The manner in which you engage a child would determine the path of how language learning takes place in a child in his formative years from one to five. This is a very exciting period you can really enjoy listening to a child. Talking

Social and Mental Effects to Broken Family Status Essay Example for Free

Social and Mental Effects to Broken Family Status Essay Children need to have both parents in the home to have a balanced life. Both socially and mentally but, if the parents cannot get along and the children are being raised in a constant battleground, socially and mentally this can be more damaging to them. This can lead to trust issues and other relationship problems. Parents who abuse each other will most likely have children who will become involved in abusive relationships. Children whose parents have divorced and the absent parent are still involved in their everyday life still benefit from both parents. But most importantly the child needs to understand that their parents’ divorce or break up was not and never will be their fault. Divorce is hurting American children very badly. Each year over a million children suffer the divorce of their parents and by 1999, half of all American children reaching their eighteenth birthday and who were born to married parents will have experienced the divorce of their parents. The reversal of the legal status of divorce will entail nothing less than a cultural revolution because American culture now embraces divorce in law and in behavior. It’s easy acceptance once rejected as scandalous. Even if they themselves have divorced the men and women who shape popular opinion, as well as the policymakers in state legislatures who are responsible for domestic law should begin to challenge this practice. The devastating effects of divorce on children just might provide these leaders with the motivation to start such a cultural revolution, or at least to question the direction the nation has taken. The plight of children may give Americans the moral courage to overcome a fear of raising this delicate subject. If Americans do not overcome this fear, we will lock ourselves into inaction and lock the nation into a downward spiral of weakening effects and diminishing social capital because divorce diminishes children’s future competence in all the major institutions. In family life, divorce permanently weakens the relationship between children and parents. It leads to destructive ways of handling conflict, diminishes social competence, leads to early loss of virginity, and it diminishes young adults’ sense of masculinity or femininity. It leads to more trouble in dating, to more cohabitation, to higher divorce rates later in life, to higher expectations of divorce, and to less desire for children. * In religious life, divorce diminishes the frequency of worship of God, and recourse to Him in prayer. * In education, divorce diminishes learning capacities and high school and college attainment. * In the marketplace, divorce reduces household income and massively cuts the life-wealth of individuals. * In government and citizenship, divorce massively increases crime rates, abuse and neglect rates, and the use of drugs. * Also, divorce weakens the health of children; even their life spans will be shortened. * Finally it increases behavioral, emotional and psychiatric risks, including suicide. The effect of divorce on children’s hearts, minds and souls range from severe to mild, from seemingly small to massive, and from short term to long term. None of the effects apply to every child of divorce, nor is it likely that any one child has suffered all the effects. Nonetheless, the one million children who see their parents’ divorce each year are affected by the trauma. There is no way to predict how any particular child will be effected or to what extent, but it is possible to predict its effects on society. They are numerous and very serious. The major issue for researchers is no longer what the ill effects of divorce are, but the depth and length of persistence of these effects on children, and on their future children and grandchildren.

Mental State Examination (MSE) | Case Study

Mental State Examination (MSE) | Case Study Ellie Fitz-Gerald Giving examples from the case study, how would you describe Amanda’s behaviour and appearance as set out in a MSE? A mental state examination (MSE) is used to assess an individuals mental capacity and reasoning at the time of an interview. It couples a number of cognitive domains in an attempt to characterise a person’s mental state (PCDCBP, 2011). The first domain of a MSE is a visual assessment of the patient, non-judgementally describing an accurate appearance of the patient including as many details as possible. These aspects include but are not limited to age, gender, build, posture, grooming, hygiene, heath levels, signs of drug use, hair style and colour and ethnicity. Behaviour is another non-judgemental assessment of the patient’s behaviour in general, but also a description of eye movement and eye contact, body movement and any gestures that are made. This is often coupled with an interpretation of the patient’s reaction to their current situation; examples may include descriptions such as being cooperative, hostile, withdrawn or suspicious (PCDCBP, 2011). Appearance: Amanda is a young woman with dyed blue and pink hair, which is mattered and unkempt. She has a number of piercings in her nose, eyebrow and lip. Her arms are covered in sores and her pupils are dilated. On paramedic arrival, they described that Amanda was â€Å"sitting upright appearing dazed and anxious†. In the cubicle on arrival to ED, she appeared very tense. Later in the cubicle, Amanda is smiling and then quickly appears terrified. Amanda’s mother has reported that â€Å"she [Amanda] comes home dishevelled and dirty. She has lost a lot of weight†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Behaviour: Amanda’s behaviour over the course of the case study could be described as erratic, often shifting between states of anxiety, happiness and terror. On arrival of the paramedics, Amanda was described as â€Å"anxious and short of breath†. In the cubicle at the ED, Amanda was pacing up and down the corridor and wringing her hands occasionally, responding quickly to any stimulus by staring intensely at the ceiling or at staff members. A description of her eye sight involved her manner and gaze alternating â€Å"between being intrigued to afraid to hostile†, coupled with difficulty remaining still. Amanda was hesitant to be touched, and noted to be constantly picking at sores. Later, Amanda was later happy and quickly turned to terror and despair. Amanda is described by her mother in these examples; â€Å"Amanda hasn’t been herself since dropping out of university†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"She has lost contact gradually with nearly all of her friend an d become increasingly isolated†, â€Å"Over the last three months her behaviour has become increasingly odd and erratic†, â€Å"goes out, sometimes for days at a time†, â€Å"talking loudly to herself in her room†¦over the past week she has been shouting†¦but there was no one in her room with her.†, â€Å"Last night she burst out of her bedroom and screaming incomprehensibly at her father then stopped suddenly and went back into her room.† Define cognition and then briefly discuss how we might interpret how both Amanda’s thought content and thought form are disturbed? According to Miller and Wallis (2009), cognitive or executive control, or cognition, refers to the ability to coordinate thought and action and direct it toward obtaining goals. Cognition is important in planning and sequencing complex events of behaviour, as well as prioritizing goals (Miller and Wallis, 2009). Thought content and processing is a somewhat subjective insight into cognitive capacity. For example, thought process can be a description of a patients thinking and a characterisation of how a patient’s ideas are communicated. The speed of thought is how quickly a patient changes ideas, known as ‘flight of ideas’ (Snyderman and Rovner, 2009). An example exhibited by Amanda is in the ED cubicle where she had asked the clinician â€Å"You wont tell her anything will you?†, quickly progressing through a series of thoughts from â€Å"you know don’t you?† to â€Å"They’re everywhere† to â€Å"The whole planet is falling† and then â€Å"Shut up shut up†. Additionally, thought form is another domain which could be described as goal-directed or conversely, disorganised. These terms carry descriptors, describing whether a patients thoughts are logical, tangential (quickly diverging, as shown through Amanda’s haphazard thought progression), circumstantial (unsupported thinking) or loosely associated (Snyderman and Rovner, 2009). Amanda displays a number of disorganized thought categories, stating â€Å"Everyone of us is falling – the whole planet is falling† is a description of both unsupported thinking, and potentially an illusion Amanda is experiencing. Another interpretation of disordered thought is that of intrusive thoughts or obsessive ideas. As severity of mental health illness increases, patients may exhibit delusional thinking (a false belief not held by peers that persists despite evidence to the contrary), hallucinations (false perception of sensory stimuli) or illusions (a misperception of real life) (Mar tin, 1990). Amanda illustrates both hallucinations and illusions. Amanda seems to demonstrate hallucinations through multiple spoken phrases: â€Å"They’re everywhere. Everywhere†¦under my skin†, â€Å"Shut up, shut up†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"Can’t you hear what they’re saying?! All the children have been hurt†. Taken together, Amanda’s thought content and process appears compromised. Briefly explain the differences between hearing and listening. Choose two skills of listening and discuss how you would use these skills to effectively communicate with Amanda. What are some of the barriers you might face in the process? Hearing is the process of physiological receiving and processing sounds, without being fully attentive or actively concentrating on what is being said. This is passive listening. In contrast, listening is an active process, paying attention to what is being said, constructing meaning from, and in addition, often responding appropriately to what has been said using astute observation (Purdy and Borisoff, 1997). Listening is necessary for the health professional as it involves more than simply sending and receiving words, and can validate the patient’s emotions and promote an understanding between patient and health professional. Hearing on the other hand does not continue or encourage interaction. Listening can be enhanced by actively applying numerous measures. Two of these are providing non-verbal cues and picking up on the non-verbal cues of the patient. Providing non-verbal cues to Amanda would encourage a non-judgemental and mutual understanding environment, often involvin g the implementation of an acronym SOLER (Sit squarely, Open posture, Lean forward, Eye-contact, Relaxed) (Egan 2002). In addition to this, nodding the head and quiet murmurs as encouragement also aids active listening, this may assist in making Amanda feel better understood, and potentially play a role in reducing her defensiveness to a medical situation. Secondly, picking up on non-verbal cues from the patient is critical in making them feel understood. A health professional should endeavour to pay careful attention to what the patient is expressing and how they are displaying these emotions. This may manifest through facial expression, body posture, movements or excessive/poor eye contact and illustrate a patient’s emotion or frame of mind (Egan, 2002). In Amanda’s situation, recognizing that she is in distress by verbally acknowledging it may led to some kind of mutual understanding and rapport building between Amanda and the health professional. Some barriers to t his include Amanda’s current inability to adequately perceive her environment correctly. Amanda does not seem as aware of her surroundings and stares often at the ceiling. She may be inattentive to the non-verbal postural cues by the health professional aimed to place her at ease. Her responses may be skewed and irrational, and the potential hallucinations that she may be experiencing are external to any verbal communication that can resolve her distress. Define therapeutic communication. Using case study examples, explain the difficulties involved in communication when managing a complex scene that includes an anxious patient who presents in the emergency department with a distressed and demanding relative. Therapeutic communication occurs between a health professional and a patient, which considers a patients experienced emotion and explores the meaning and potentially faulty cognition in an attempt to resolve them. It is often formal, purposeful and structured, with a long term goal to produce a desired change (Plutchik, 2000). Managing patient anxiety in a scenario with a demanding relative has its challenges. When paramedics have arrived to the scene of Amanda, her mother is quite distressed, yet Amanda is highly anxious, â€Å"The mother is constantly obstructing and getting in their way causing interruptions†. The assertiveness of Amanda’s mum may obfuscate the ability of the paramedics to create a therapeutic relationship with Amanda in order to de-escalate the situation. Furthermore, this may worsen the anxiety experienced by Amanda. Moreover, attention may be given to the mother in order to place her at ease. One manner to reduce this difficulty is to try to separ ate the parties. In the ED, this dynamic may result in similar difficulties, and the presence of a demanding relative in this context could potentially result in Amanda having difficulty communicating additional information due to her anxiety. Although in the case study Amanda’s mum is not particularly difficult, in the scenario where a distressed and demanding relative was present in the ED and hindering patient treatment the best course of action would be to kindly ask them to take a seat in the waiting area. If the distressed relative is being quite difficult to handle other tactics include asking relative to go and get an item such as a drink for the patient, which would require that they leave the area. If the relative continues to cause disruption to the patient care they must be informed that if they cannot allow the healthcare team to complete their care for the patient they will be removed from the area/hospital. What are the key components of an effective handover between health professionals from different disciplines? Discuss the important considerations of patient handover in regards to objective information and confidentially. A clinical handover is the transfer of professional responsibility, accountability, clinical information and patient to another set of health professionals on a permanent or temporary basis. In order for an effective handover to occur, numerous considerations must take place. First, the handover should have clear leadership. Second, there should be support for the handover process to come from all levels of the medical team. Third, adequate information regarding the patient and the current situation and future direction should be provided if applicable. Fourth, tasks must be prioritised, further care plans put in place and unstable patients are reviewed in a rapid manner (AMA, 2006). A qualitative study on paramedic and emergency department handovers showed that paramedics wish for a consistency in the terminology used, a shared understanding of the team members in each of the roles of health professionals, and a standardized approach to handovers, such as a predetermined format whic h is flexible and recognises professional judgement and experience (Owen et al. 2009). A problem arises when considering the objectiveness of information that is acquired from various sources. In order to address this, health professionals should speak non-judgementally, and take note of what was observed, as opposed to spoken by the patient, or reported by a significant other in terms of incidents. These processes maintain some level of objectiveness. Confidentiality is a necessary and critically important obligation and law-binding role of all health professionals. One manner to protect confidentiality would be to initiate handover in an area whereby members of the public cannot overhear. Reference List AMA (2006) Safe handover: Safe patients: Guidance on clinical handover for clinicians and managers. Australian Medical Association. Kingston, ACT, Australia. Egan, G. (2002) The skilled helper: a problem-management and opportunity-development approach to helping. 7th edition. Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole. Miller, EK, and Wallis, JD (2009) Executive Function and Higher-Order Cognition: Definition and Neural Substrates. In: Squire LR (ed.) Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, volume 4, pp. 99-104. Oxford: Academic Press. Martin, DC (1990) Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition., Butterworth Publishers Owen, C, Hemmings, L, Brown, T (2009) Lost in translation: Maximizing handover effectiveness between paramedics and receiving staff in the emergency department, Emergency Medicine Australasia, 21: pp. 102-107. PCDCBP (2011) Understanding the Mental State Examination (MSE): a basic training guide. Palmerston Association Inc. Subiaco, WA. Plutchik, R (2000) Emotions in the practice of psychotherapy: Clinical implications of affect theories. American Psychological Association. Washington, DC, US. pp. 149-168. Purdy, M and Borisoff, D (1997) Listening in everyday life: A personal and professional approach. Second Edition. University Press of America Inc. LLanham, Maryland. Snyderman, D and Rovner, BW (2009) Mental Status Examination In Primary Care: A Review. Am Dam Physician, 15(80): pp. 809-814. 1

How are the Female Characters Presented in the stories Country Lovers

How are the Female Characters Presented in the stories Country Lovers and Veronica The black girl Thebedi is one of the main characters in the story "Country Lovers† She lives in South Africa under the apartheid which was a system of government which involved a segregation act between whites and blacks, so she hasn't as much rights as whites do, because of this she is restricted and hampered by her culture. The Educational system started with both white and black children in primary education where they spoke local dialect and then after that the white children went to secondary education where they learnt Standard English and the blacks went to work and learnt the language of authority. There was also at the time an Immorality act which was where it was illegal for a white person to have a relationship with a black person. This made Paulus Eysendyck and Thebedi keep the love with each other secretly â€Å"She had to get away before the house servants who knew her, came in at dawn† This shows they have compassion and determination to keep the relationship going. Paulus is in charge of the relationship for example â€Å"He told her each time, where to meet again†. Paulus and Thebedi have known each other since they were children. Paulus is son of the owner of the farm where Thebedi comes to work later in the story. Paulus is a white boy, and Thebedi is a black girl. They used to play on the farm as children and had primary education together. When he comes home for the holidays, he brought her presents, and Thebedi also give him a homemade bracelet. The bracelet is admired very much by his friends at school. Meanwhile, a black young man, Njabulo, falls in love with Thebedi, and wishes that he could be the ... ...ronica the most essential issue of the story and what it all amounts to is Tradition. The life Veronica led was steeped in tradition. Every aspect of the story is based around tradition. It was traditional for men to go off to work and women to stay in the home to cook, clean and look after the children. This would explain her lack off education and why the opportunity of going to a school as a child was not open to her. There was not as many opportunities open to women because it was unusual for women to go out to work or get a job. By tradition, men have the more dominant role. Veronica was a weak female so this would explain why she took unnecessary punishment of her father when she was younger. This also would explain why women as a whole where expected to stay at home. These are the reasons why I believe Veronica did not leave for the city with Okekà ©.

Organizational Leadership versus Management Essay -- Leader Manager es

When in a leadership role I don’t like to consider myself as a boss, but a mentor. I don’t want my employees to see me as a boss but as a guide for further learning and success. Today’s managers are not leaders, they are people in charge and nothing more. They don’t necessarily have the skills to lead, don’t get me wrong they may be a very good manager. However, they are only managing and not setting an example as a leader for the employees of an organization. An organization has the greatest chance of being successful when all of the employees work toward achieving its goals. Since leadership involves the exercise of influence by one person over others, the quality of leadership exhibited by supervisors is a critical determinant of organizational success. Supervisors study leadership in order to influence the actions of employees toward the achievement of the goals of the organization. Supervisors can learn about leadership through research. One of the reading assignments said leadership studies can be classified as trait, behavioral, contingency, and transformational. Earliest theories assumed that the primary source of leadership effectiveness lay in the personal traits of the leaders themselves. Yet, traits alone cannot explain leadership effectiveness. Later research focused on what the leader actually did when dealing with employees. These behavioral theories of leadership would explain the relationship between what the leaders did and how the employees reacted, bot...

How Is Sibling Rivalry Explained in the Taming of the Shrew Essay

William Shakespeare is considered to be one of the most famous writers of all time. His ability to develop such characters from kings to beggars is a major aspect of his achievements and so the audience can see parts of their own personalities represented on stage. As a result of Shakespeare’s authentic characters, the relationship between Katherina and Bianca in The Taming of the Shrew is utterly realistic. It shows every bit of the forever living concepts of sibling rivalry such as jealousy, envy and hate. One of the ways that the sisters’ rivalry is explained is the constant humiliation that Baptista, their father, causes in public. Gentlemen, importune me no farther, For how I firmly am resolved you know; That is, not to bestow my youngest daughter Before I have a husband for the elder. If either of you both love Katharina, Because I know you well and love you well Leave shall you have to court her at your pleasure. (1.1.48-54) In simple words, he means that he wants Katherina off his hands as soon as possible but when Katherina is offered to Bianca’s suitors, she is profusely turned away like a piece of rotten meat. Her humiliation at this point is complete; she is discussed in public like scandalous gossip, so Kate tries to reveal her fury to her father, â€Å"I pray you, sir, is it your will/To make a stale of me amongst these mates?† She is being publicly humiliated, has no defence for her pride, and reacts with haughtiness to cover her embarrassment that is caused by no other, but her own dear father. To top this, Baptista announces that he is to hire schoolmasters â€Å"to instruct her [Bianca’s] youth.† and she is further humiliated through neglect as he makes no mention of Katherine’s studies. Kate then bridles at this and makes her exit, hurt by recurring displays of neglect. Everything is compared with Bianca and Kate realizes the way that her father favours Bianca. So to cover up her shame and embarrassment caused by her father, Kate argues with her sister, hoping that she can disguise her destroyed feelings. Similarly, Bianca’s personality adds to Kate’s rebellious actions. On the outside, Bianca seems to be a gentle and sweet young woman, a â€Å"young, modest girl†Ã‚  Lucentio calls her. In reality however, she is a sneaky sister, with a foxy personality. â€Å"My books and instruments shall be my company, On them to look, and practise by myself.† Her deliberate call for attention increases Kate’s shrewdness. In a modern adaptation of this play, you can tell the difference between Bianca’s good and bad side. Behind everyone’s back, as the audience, we can see how cruelly Bianca teases Katherina about her beauty and lov e life by sticking up her middle fingers, swearing etc. The girl that Lucentio calls â€Å"modest† has no problem with parading her modesty for her own benefit and so she displays fake innocence. Without any complaint, she says that books and instruments will be her company, thus gaining the sympathy of her father, Lucentio and her two suitors. In Act 2, Scene 1, Kate bounds her sister’s hands and torments her about Bianca’s suitors showing Katherina’s jealousy and the accusations of favouritism with which she confronts her father. â€Å"I will go sit and weep/Till I can find occasion of revenge† (35-36). This is an immature response but with this, we can tell that she is hurt and she seeks to mend this hurt by revenge; thus we can understand her shrewish ways. Another way sibling rivalry is manifested in this play is the acts of physical violence. Often, it is the older that lashes out at the younger and for example, in Act 2, Scene 1, there are displays of physical aggression when Bianca enters with her hands bound. This scene also ties in with the two sides of Bianca and in the adaptation of this play that I referred to earlier, we can notice that Bianca is not the least upset about having her hands bound; she is using this as another example where she can mock and laugh at Katherina: Is it for him you do envy me so? Nay, then you jest, and now I well perceive You have but jested with me all this while. I prithee, sister Kate, untie my hands. (2.1.18-21) Being angered by Bianca’s insolence, Katherina lashes out and strikes her, saying, â€Å"If that be jest, then all the rest was so.† (2.1.22) Katherina cannot stand being ridiculed, especially when the person criticizing her is her own sister. At the end of the play, the reader becomes more aware that there is more to the sister’s relationship that it appears, as a switching of personality occurs. ‘Bianca, get you in/Go in, Bianca.’ The two women’s  contrary behaviours are shown and in the first scene Bianca has to be told twice to enter the house, indicating she is not as tractable as she is thought to be in the eyes of others. Katherine on the other hand, when she first meets Petruchio, is told that when she is to be married on Sunday, Katherina does not protest. This is strange as the readers view her as the ultimate shrew on the outside but Katherina’s reaction should have been a more violent and physical one. However, the final scene clarifies the women’s true nature, as Bianca become the disobeying wife and Katherine portraying the perfect Elizabethan wife, therefore demonstrating the result of the sister’s rivalry. Shakespeare, then, has represented the conflicts between the Minola sisters in many ways including: tense relationships, physical violence, the constant struggle for attention, harsh words and affection from their father. The interesting aspect of the sister’s ‘journey’ is that we, as readers, cannot just read Kate and Bianca like a cover of a book. We can understand Kate’s need for attention and love, we can sympathise her hurt and pain because of Bianca. Their relationship is well written, realistic, and allows the audience to experience their own feelings towards sibling rival ry and recognize those in Katherina and Bianca.

French Revolution DBQ

The French Revolution of 1789 caused many changes in the social, political, and economical world of France. The French Revolution sparked the beginning for many new reforms in France that were previously unavailable to the 3rd estate. The things that led up to the French revolution were all caused from within the social, political, and economic world of France. The Social causes for the French Revolution were varied. One such problem was the well being of the 3rd estate.According to Travels in France by Arthur Young the conditions of the 3rd estate were terrible as people could not purchase bread due to the high prices and the ragged conditions of the children (Document #1). Because of these factors the people were forced to fight each other for a piece of bread alone. Another problem was the middle class’ knowledge of the Enlightenment. According to The French Revolution historian Albert Mathiez, the middle class’ knowledge of the Enlightenment made them start the revo lution rather than the unintelligent working class (Document #3).The social world of France was a front for the revolution to begin because of the people who were mistreated by the government. The political reasons for the Revolution were also varied. One such reason was the signing of the Declaration of Independence. According to Lord Acton, the spark supplied by the signing of the Declaration of Independence was the cause of the French Revolution (Document #5).Another reason was the 3rd estates demands of the monarchy. Some of their demands were to lower the taxes assigned to them, have definite meeting times, and take votes by head (Document #3). The political state of France did not fare well in preventing the revolution. Finally the Economic reasons for the revolution were less varied than the others but just as important. One economical reason for the revolution was the unfair taxes to the 3rd estate.A chart of the tax and land ownership percentage in the 1700’s clearly shows how much more the 3rd estate was being taxed than the 1st or 2nd estate (Document #2). The economical causes for the revolution most likely set off the 3rd estate when their request for a tax change was denied. In conclusion the French Revolution was a result of the three different worlds of Frances system: Economy, Social, and Politics. The changes caused by the Revolution paved way for modern France and spelled out a new era for France.

Hunting alleged Nazi war criminals Essay

I can’t say if hunting Nazi war criminals is worth it, but I can give my opinion and it is up to you to make up your own mind. By the end of reading this, you should have come to some conclusion. I believe it is not worth hunting alleged Nazi war criminals, anymore. I think that spending tens of millions of pounds, and all the time and effort that goes into it now is worthless now. If they had have done it ten or fifteen years after the war had ended then they would have had much more success. The reason I think it is worthless now is because almost all evidence will have been destroyed after the war ended, and any war criminals from World War II would have done their best to completely hide their background and any evidence they have that they committed war crimes. Also victims that survived concentration camps will not be able to identify a man with absolute certainty that he was the same man that put people to death around fifty years ago, mainly for the simple reason that it was so long ago. Also witnesses may want to blame someone, so they blame the suspect in question, or they want it to be that suspect so much that they believe it was him. Also lots of witnesses are now dead, and the ones who are still alive may have something wrong with them that they can’t remember the face or voice of the man who put their friends and family to death. I also think that if they do catch a suspected Nazi war criminal, then he may have something mentally wrong with him. Due to old age the accused might not be able to remember anything, so it would be an unfair trial, because he doesn’t have an alibi with which to prove he was not a Nazi war criminal. A suspect may be too old or ill to go to court also, a suspect when found could be dying in their bed with only a few weeks to live and so they would never be able to stand a court trial anyway. These are the main reasons I believe that spending all the time, money and effort is not worth it. I believe it is too late and the suspects will be dying by the time they are found, an example of this is seen in a case where a man called Szymon Serafinowicz, who was accused of being a nazi war criminal. In this case the jury saw Serafinowicz to be unfit to plead to charges of war crimes, because he had dementure, so he couldn’t remember anything about where he was at certain times of the war, or what he was doing meaning he wouldn’t have an alibi with which to protect himself so the case would have been totally unfair. After being freed he died about 18 months later, so even if he had have been convicted he would have only spent a few months in jail, and would have probably been let out after a couple of weeks to be admitted into hospital. There was no case for this man who was suspected of being in command of police officers who ordered Jews to lay face down in the snow and where then shot, hit children’s heads against tomb stones to kill them, order Jewish families to line up and then shoot them, and he himself was accused of shooting a woman with a child who was running away. In total he was accused ordering 3000 Jews to be killed. If a man like this can’t even get a trial then, let alone being convicted is it really likely that another man will get convicted. In another case, the ‘Demjanjuk trial’ he was convicted of being ‘Ivan the terrible’ a guard at Treblinka and was accused of putting thousands to death, and torturing some people for the fun of it. He was sentenced to death by hanging, but got released after appealing. The judges decided there was not enough evidence to convict him after all. Five witnesses said under oath that they were certain that Demjajuk was Ivan the terrible, also he couldn’t remember where he was or what he was doing at certain times in the war, and it sounded like he was trying to pretend he was at certain places at certain times. It appeared only five outgo twenty survives thought Demjanjuk was Ivan the terrible, and these were the witnesses used in court. If fifteen say it wasn’t him and only five say it was him, the chances are that it was not him, even though five witnesses were sure of it, this proves that eye witnesses can not be totally relied upon to identify a man they saw about fifty years ago. This proves to me that it is not worth the bother and money of hunting them down anymore, but if you are not convinced yet I will talk about another trial, the ‘Papon case’. The jury heard that Papon should be freed during the trial, because of his advanced age and his medical condition (he suffered from angina). It was heard that even if he were found guilty he would not have to spend another night in jail. He died a few months later, so if he had have been convicted he was still be able to be free and walk about the streets. The war crimes unit did not get a single person convicted, even after all the effort they put in, they found evidence but did not manage to get a single conviction. After looking at all the evidence I really don’t think it is worth spending lots of time and effort and millions of pounds to find an old man who will probably be too ill and old to go through a court case, and even if they are fit to go through trial then they probably wont be convicted due to not enough evidence, or unreliable evidence.

Alvin Ailey and Sociology

Jerry Tarn Professor Douglas Kierdorf Social Science 102 April 18th, 2013 Alvin Ailey’s â€Å"Revelations† and Sociology As the world begins to modernize, society develops into what sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies calls a â€Å"Gesellschaft† society. In a Gesellschaft society, people concentrate only on themselves and build relationships mostly based on the possible monetary gains. Because people are so focused on money, matters that do not possess any monetary value tend to be discarded as insignificant or unworthy. Subjects such as the arts are often seen as unnecessary, excess, and impractical.However, what people fail to realize, is that art is in fact an integral part of humanity. Art can provide deep insights into our society, revealing both its positive and negative aspects in the most genuine form. Dance? a physical expression of art? is one of the many methods people uses to portray the various characteristics of society. Alvin Ailey’s signature wor k: â€Å"Revelations†, produced in 1960, is a prime example that reflected and exposed the social changes that were occurring during that era. The 1960s was marked as a time of great change as it was the era when America began to transform into an increasingly modern society.There were significant improvements in science (and technology exemplified by the start of the space exploration), which greatly changed how people lived and viewed the world. However, the most important changes were probably societal ones, namely the civil rights movement. The civil rights movement was categorized by African Americans expressing their dissatisfactions with the injustices that they had to endure in past century. Although African Americans were liberated from slavery after the Civil War, they still had to deal with the inequality of racial segregation.Under those laws, African Americans had to face disadvantages such as (but not limited to): lack of voting rights, inferior quality of facil ities, and unequal treatment under law. In sociological terms, there was little social mobility, institutionalized discrimination, and communities were racially stratified. It was not until the 1960s that the nonviolent protests and public civil disobediences of African Americans began to gain prominence and produce effect. In 1960, one of the many famous acts of civil disobedience, the â€Å"Greensboro Sit-Ins† occurred.The sit-ins consisted of multiple instances of nonviolent protests at the Woolworth Store in Greensboro, North Carolina by local African American students. After repeated protests and growing tensions, the store finally desegregated its services. Coincidently, Ailey’s â€Å"Revelations† was produced in the same year that the protests occurred. Although there wasn’t a direct correlation between the Greensboro protests and the creation of Ailey’s dance, the production of Ailey’s dance was nevertheless a sign of social change.W hen Ailey’s dance company first performed, they changed the entire dynamic of American Dance Theater as African American way of life was finally represented by African Americans instead of by proxies of Caucasian dancers. The ability of African American dancers to represent their own culture shows the social change of the transfer of authority (of the dance theater industry) from the dominant group to the minority group. Another way that Ailey’s dance company signified social change was its integration of different ethnic groups.Following in the footsteps of his mentor, Lester Horton, Ailey decided to include dancers of different races into his dance company in 1962. Ailey’s practice of what sociologists termed â€Å"ethnic pluralism† was another sign of social change. Besides evidencing social change, â€Å"Revelations† also reflected the various elements of American society. The dance itself was able to show these elements through the contents of the plot, which was divided into three sections: â€Å"Pilgrim of Sorrow†, â€Å"Take Me to the Water†, and â€Å"Move Members, Move†.The first section, â€Å"Pilgrims of Sorrow† is about the sufferings of African Americans during the slavery era. The story depicts African Americans toiling through hard labor as slaves and trying to use song as an outlet for relief. Ailey also incorporates the song â€Å"I’ve been ‘Buked†, by Hall Johnson, to accentuate the agony and frustrations of African Americans. The reason why Ailey brought back stories of extreme hardship is perhaps he wanted to remind Americans how much pain African Americans had to go through.He wanted to emphasize how important it was for people to realize the need for the abolishment of segregation. Ailey also probably felt that because America’s history of racial inequality has existed for such a long time, African Americans have become what William Wilson calls the â€Å"permanent underclass†. Even after the Civil Rights Act passed, like W. E. B du Bois described in â€Å"The Philadelphia Negro†, African Americans still face financial disadvantages due to the situations they were put in before the passing of the bill.With the coexistence of people’s constant â€Å"just-world hypothesis† and stubbornness of their cognitive schema, the disadvantages of African Americans will never receive the deserved attention as people will just assume that their misfortunes were brought upon by themselves. This is probably why Ailey recognized the bitter truth that racism will always exist. Slightly different from â€Å"Pilgrims of Sorrow†, â€Å"Take me to the Water† and â€Å"Move Members, Move† conveys a more positive atmosphere as it portrays scenes of baptism and church service. Take me to the Water† depicts a woman by the riverside, ready to get baptized while â€Å"Move Members, Move† depic ts a celebratory church scene. These dances are also reflections of American society as it shows the roles of religion. One role of religion was providing comfort to those undergoing hardship. When African Americans went through slavery, they sought comfort in God and practicing Christianity. Another role of religion in American society was providing solidarity. Emile Durkheim believed that religion brought unity amongst people and connection between individuals.This is reflected in American society as Christianity, America’s largest religion, underlies the many values in American culture. Another important aspect of Ailey’s dance that is worth mentioning is Ailey’s own life. When he was working on â€Å"Revelations†, a lot of the content was the result of his upbringings. Ailey grew up in rural Texas in the segregation era. At that time, especially in Texas, African Americans lived under constant danger as they not only faced discrimination, but also vio lence and risks of random lynching.All of these atrocities combined are probably what allowed Ailey to have such strong feelings towards the suffering of the slaves in the first part of his dance. Another influential moment in Alvin Ailey’s life was his exposure to literature. When he studied at universities in California, he learned of the writings of famous African American writers such as Langston Hughes and James Baldwin. In addition to his meeting with Maya Angelou, he perhaps became influenced and meant his performance to be an act to promote civil rights. Another influence of Ailey’s life was his exposure to religion.When he was young, he attended a Southern Baptist church. The songs and hymns that he heard when he went to church was probably influential to his other two dances â€Å"Take me to the Water† and â€Å"Move Members, Move†. This goes to show that what people experience in their childhood greatly influences their social identity as an ad ult. From Ailey’s background and dance piece, it could be seen that America during the 1960s was dominated by the Caucasian race, had a strong sense of religion (specifically Christianity), and had an unequal society.It was also beginning to advance into a developed society, which explains the rapid social change. To a certain extent, America today still possesses some discrimination towards certain ethnic groups, and equality isn’t exactly fully established in every aspect of the country. Nevertheless, as society progresses, so will its values. There will come a point in the future when all of the negative aspects that society used to possess will change for the better. However, it is important to be aware of the need of social change. One way that social change can be exercised is through art.Art is a highly human expression, and is one of the many methods that can facilitate social change. Works Cited Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre: Origins to 1979†,  In ternational Encyclopedia of Dance, vol. 1. Oxford University Press, New York: 1979. 54-57. Dunning, Jennifer (1996). Alvin Ailey: A Life In Dance. New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, INC. ISBN  0-201-62607-1. Foulkes, Julia L. Modern bodies: Dance and American modernism from Martha Graham to  Alvin  Ailey (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 179-184 Kowal, Rebekah J.How to Do Things with Dance : Performing Change in Postwar America (Middletown, CT; Wesleyan University Press, 2010), 1-6 Mitchell, Jack. Alvin  Ailey  American Dance Theater (Kansas City, Mo. : Andrews and McMeel, 1993), 1-25 â€Å"Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit-Ins†,  Library of Congress. Retrieved April 15, 2013. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. â€Å"Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit-Ins†,  Library of Congress. Retrieved April 15, 2013. [ 2 ]. Kowal, Rebekah J. How to Do Thi ngs with Dance : Performing Change in Postwar America (Middletown, CT; Wesleyan University Press, 2010), 1-6 [ 3 ].Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre: Origins to 1979†,  International Encyclopedia of Dance, vol. 1. Oxford University Press, New York: 1979. 54-57. [ 4 ]. Mitchell, Jack. Alvin  Ailey  American Dance Theater (Kansas City, Mo. : Andrews and McMeel, 1993), 1-25 [ 5 ]. Ibid. [ 6 ]. Foulkes, Julia L. Modern bodies: Dance and American modernism from Martha Graham to  Alvin  Ailey (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 179-184 [ 7 ]. Dunning, Jennifer (1996). Alvin Ailey: A Life In Dance. New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, INC. ISBN  0-201-62607-1.

Good will definition Essay

An account that can be found in the assets portion of a company’s balance sheet. Goodwill can often arise when one company is purchased by another company. In an acquisition, the amount paid for the company over book value usually accounts for the target firm’s intangible assets. Goodwill is seen as an intangible asset on the balance sheet because it is not a physical asset like buildings or equipment. Goodwill typically reflects the value of intangible assets such as a strong brand name, good customer relations, good employee relations and any patents or proprietary technology. Method: There are three methods of valuation of goodwill of the firm; 1. Average Profits Method 2. Super Profits Method 3. Capitalisation Method 1. Average Profits Method: This method of goodwill valuation takes the average profit of previous years as its basis. This average profit is multiplied by the number of purchases made in that year. Goodwill = Average Profit x Number of Purchases in the year Before calculating the average profits the following adjustments should be made in the profits of the firm: a. Any abnormal profits should be deducted from the net profits of that year. b. Any abnormal loss should be added back to the net profits of that year. c. Non-operating incomes eg. Income from investments etc should be deducted from the net profits of that year. Example: An Ltd agreed to buy the business of B Ltd. For that purpose Goodwill is to be valued at three years purchase of Average Profits of last five years. The profits of B Ltd. for the last five years are: Year| Profit/Loss ($)| 2005 | 10,000,000| 2006| 12,250,000| 2007| 7,450,000| 2008| 2,450,000 (Loss)| 2009| 12,400,000| Following additional information is available: 1. In the year 2008 the company suffered a loss of $1,000,500 due to fire in the factory. 2. In the year 2009 the company earned an income from investments outside the business $ 4,500,250. Solution: Total profits earned in the past five years= 10,000,000 + 12,250,000 + 7,450,000 – 2,450,000 + 12,400,000 = $ 39,650,000 Total Profits after adjustments = $ 39,650,000 + $ 1,000,500 – $ 4,500,250=$ 36,150,250 Average Profits= $ 36,150,250à ·5=$ 7,230,050 Goodwill = $ 7,230,050Ãâ€"3=$ 21,690,150 Thus A Ltd would pay $ 21,690,150 as the price of Goodwill earned by B Ltd. 2. Super profits method: Super profit refers to a situation where in the actual profit is higher than what is expected. Under this method, Goodwill = super profit x number of years’ purchase Steps for calculating Goodwill under this method are given below: i) Normal Profits = Capital Invested X Normal rate of return/100 ii) Super Profits = Actual Profits – Normal Profits iii) Goodwill = Super Profits x No. of years purchased For example, the capital employed as shown by the books of ABC Ltd is $ 50,000,000. And the normal rate of return is 10 %. Goodwill is to be calculated on the basis of 3 years purchase of super profits of the last four years. Profits for the last four years are: Year| Profit/Loss ($)| 2005 | 10,000,000| 2006| 12,250,000| 2007| 7,450,000| 2008| 5,400,000| Total profits for the last four years = 10,000,000 + 12,250,000 + 7,450,000 + 5,400,000 = $35,100,000 Average Profits = 35,100,000 / 4 = $ 8,775,000 Normal Profits = 50,000,000 X 10/100 = $ 5,000,000 Super Profits = Average/ Actual Profits − Normal Profits = 8,775,000 − 5,000,000 = $ 3,775,000 Goodwill = 3,775,000 Ãâ€" 3 = $ 11,325,000 3. Capitalisation Method: There are two ways of calculating Goodwill under this method: (i) Capitalisation of Average Profits Method (ii) Capitalisation of Super Profits Method (i) Capitalisation of Average Profits Method: As per this method, Goodwill = Capitalized Value the firm – Net Assets Capitalized Value of the firm = Average Profit x 100/ Normal Rate of Return Net Assets = Total Assets – External Liabilities For example a firm earns $40,000 as its average profits. The normal rate of rteturn is 10%. Total assets of the firm are $1,000,000 and its total external liabilities are $ 500,000. To calculate the amount of goodwill: Total capitalized value of the firm = 40,000 Ãâ€" 100/10 = 400,000 Capital Employed = 1,000,000 − 500,000 = 500,000 Goodwill = 500,000 − 400,000 = 100,000 (ii)Capitalisation of Super Profits: Under this method, goodwill is calculated as: Goodwill = Super Profit x 100/Normal Rate of Return For example ABC Ltd earns a profit of $ 50,000 by employing a capital of $ 200,000, The normal rate of return of a firm is 20%. To calculate Goodwill: Normal Profits = 200,000 Ãâ€" 20/100 =$ 40,000 Super profits = 50,000 − 40,000 = $10,000 Goodwill = 10,000 Ãâ€" 100 / 20 = $50,000 Partial Goodwill Method In the partial goodwill method, goodwill is calculated as the difference between the purchase consideration paid and the acquirer’s share of the fair value of the net identifiable assets. In partial goodwill method, only the acquirer’s share of the goodwill is recognized. Goodwill under full goodwill method exceeds goodwill under partial goodwill method by the non-controlling interest share of the goodwill. Partial goodwill method is not allowed under US GAAP but it is allowed as an option under IFRS (besides the full goodwill method). Goodwill under partial goodwill method differs from goodwill under full goodwill method only in situations in which investment by the acquirer is less than 100%. Example Let’s follow the same example that we discussed in full goodwill method. Company A acquired 75% shareholding in Company B for $20 million. Book value of net identifiable assets of Company B is $14 million. The fair value of Company B’s asset is the same as their book value except accounts receivables which are impaired by $1 million. Book value of assets is $54 million while book value of liabilities is $40 million. The purchase consideration is the cash paid to acquire 75% ownership and it equals $20 million. Fair value of net identifiable assets is $13 million ($54 million book value minus $1 million on account if impairment in accounts receivable minus liabilities of $40 million). The acquirer’s share of the net identifiable assets equals 75% of $13 million which equals $9.75 million. Goodwill is hence $20 million minus $9.75 which equals $10.25 million. Company A will pass the following journal entry to record the business combination. Goodwill| $10.25 M| | Assets| $53 M| | Liabilities| | $40 M| Cash| | $20 M| Non-Controlling Interest| | $3.25 M| Non-controlling interest is calculated as 25% of fair value of net identifiable assets. It equals $3.25 ($13 million multiplied by 0.25). It can also be arrived at the balancing figure: (goodwill under full goodwill method + assets acquired − liabilities assumed − cash paid). Total goodwill under full goodwill method was $13.67 and non-controlling interest was $6.67 million. The difference is non-controlling interest in case of partial goodwill is only because in partial goodwill method the non-controlling interest share of goodwill is not recorded which equals $3.42 million (0.25 of ($26.67 minus $13 million)). Weighted average profit method This method of goodwill evaluation can be explained as a modified side of the he average profit method. This method involves the relevant number of weights, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4 multiples profit of each year so as to find out value product. The total of products is thereafter divided by the total of weights so as to calculate the weighted average profits. Goodwill = Weighted Average Profits x No. of years Purchase Weighted Average Profit = Total of Products of Profits/ Total of Weights EXAMPLE The profit of X Ltd. for the last five years and the corresponding weights are as follows. Calculate the value of goodwill on the basis of 3 years’ purchase of the weighted average profit. Solution: Weighted Average Profit = Rs. 21, 30,000 à · 15 = Rs. 1, 42,000. Value of Goodwill = 3 years’ purchase of weighted average profit: Rs. 1, 42,000 x 3 = Rs. 4, 26,000

How you worked as a team member Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

How you worked as a team member - Essay Example However, we were all united by one task: to complete the requirements of this module. Due to that that, we had to meet all the task objectives and work extremely hard to adjust and get things to run and attain the results we needed. Armstrongs view that teams are formed for the attainment of specific results (2011) was really applicable and significant here. We had a common goal of using the team as an end to meeting all course requirements. Due to this, the team was a convenient system for cooperation, problem solving, decision making, interpersonal relationships, diagnosis and debating (Armstrong, 2008). In relating our experience in the team and its distinctions from individuality and groups, I think that the team was a convenient platform for the attainment of the results that were specified in the course. In this context, the group involves all the students taking this Masters Degree program. We all have individual goals and are not united by specific goals. However, the formation of the team gave us a specific obligation and responsibilities on how to carry them out. This is what separated us from working as individuals who only study to pass individual assignments and also the wider group which was a loose connection of students. From my experiences with the team, I will define a team in my on words as a collection of people for the attainment of a specific end within a specified period of time. A team is more definite than a group. And the common objective and common goal, makes a team different from a group. And the synergistic results from the team makes it different from individual efforts. Once the team was formed, we were just a group of individuals who sought to get things done and get out of this institution. However, the fact that we needed to work together meant that there were some important elements that needed to work

Reading Response from a Piece of Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading Response from a Piece of Writing - Essay Example The two purposes are similar because they indicate that pausing occurs whenever there is an end in a tone and the start of another. Indeed, the author doesn’t need to elaborate the reasons separately. They should be in one paragraph. The author gives the relevant basis of how you can measure the speaking speed. He argues that speed is the number of units per unit time. He presents his interpersonal arguments on the best methods to use for measuring the speed of speech. In the text, he analyses the strengths and weaknesses of using either the word or syllable in the measurement of speed. In this way, readers can understand both methods despite the limitations and assumptions. Linking pausing and speech speed to learning serves the pedagogical purpose of teaching or training. From the text and author’s arguments you can see that the aspect of learning how to apply the two phonetic components, you can deliver a good speech to learners. The text gives an insight of the rationale behind stressing some syllables or words after pausing, which is a common skill in effective speakers. Intonation is another phonetic aspect discussed in the text. Note that the author introduces the concept of speech stretch in order to explain the application of tonal variations when one is speaking. The phonetic components discussion has prompted my personal experience in the past encounters with the public. During the launching of the new automated home appliance in a national exhibition, he discovered that many people could not get my points clear. It was a hard time because after pausing at some point in my speech the reporter could not increase the tone immediately so as to be clear and explicit. Little did he know that pausing can be applied together with intonations, he would have succeeded in his presentation.  

Racism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Racism - Essay Example This study is done because of such difference in physical location (Donaldson & Karen 37). Anthropology also studies various human races to help them determine how their lifestyle is connected to their past in relation to communication, culture and behaviors. Throughout scientific studies, there has been no proof of biological differences among individual because of race, it should be noted that all human are equal irrespective of their skin color, language, religion and culture. Scientific researchs shows that race is just a social aspect that has nothing to do with our biological and genetic origin. Race, according to various human activists, should not be the reason why certain individuals are looked upon as less human in our institutions and within the larger community. We should all start to look at one another in a different perspective because of the important things that we have learnt through them. Everyone should take it as a personal initiative to promote the spirit of togetherness to enable us make the world a better place for each

Film Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Film - Term Paper Example Review of Chungking Express by Wong Kar-wai in 1994 Chungking Express was a film that was produced in 1994 by Wong Kar-wai. It was made in Hong Kong and this was during the period when they were handing over to China. The movie has so many thing going on because there were political matters along the way and again it was during a time when the citizens were starting to embrace freedom in the sense of a change in lifestyle and the economy. Chungking Express sough to express what Hong Kong was going through in a manner that was relating to them. As a result, this period also brought about the global spread of modern commercial culture to East Asia. This definitely had its advantages and disadvantages because with lifestyle changes, traditional values were abandoned and the people started to adopt new moral and modern values. According to the movie, the story revolves among two police officers; Takeshi Kaneshiro and Brigitte Lin Ching-hsia who have been abandoned and left lonely where t hey try to acquire individuals that they fall for. Kaneshiro is described as lonely because his girlfriend abandoned him and he still cannot believe that it happened and she left forever. Lin is related to drugs and the life she was living was not worthwhile as she sought to escape the country because she was in a deal that went sour. At this instance is when Kaneshiro meets Lin and tries to get to her. Another scene would be the one where the officer meets Faye Wong who falls for a police officer, who had broken up with his girlfriend, a flight attendant. During that time, the cop was very lonely and he was portrayed as a n individual who had already lost touch of his life. Faye becomes the person that cares for him as she sneaks into his house and the result is that she hopes that what she was doing for him would change his mind and focus on her. With no reason what Faye did with her heart did not deem successful and as a result she ditched that thought of getting to the cop. With regard to the movie, there is also a rise in the number of entertainment joints. Apparently, the people of Hong Kong were portrayed as people who love karaoke’s and music and this trend was apparently increasing thus the traditional thought of such traits was starting to disappear as the people were starting to adapt to a new culture and lifestyle. For example, Faye met with the cop when they were in the bar. Traditional culture was not based on love in that manner. A man would not meet their potential girlfriend or wife in entertainment places, but the movie sought to eliminate that gap and allow for love to be felt in a variety of places and that if why the characters were set to meet in a bar. With regard to sexual relationships, it can be concluded that Faye had an intention to have a sexual relationship with the cop. According to traditional values, traits such as pre-marital sex and one-night stand were not acceptable in the culture and the only way that one could indu lge in sexual relationships was when they got married. In addition to that, the movie portrays aspects such as loyalty when the officer is abandoned by his girlfriend but he still thinks about her and feels for her. The Personals by Chen Kuo-fu The Personals was a movie directed by Chen Kuo-fu. It is based on an opthamologist by the name of Du Jiazhen (Rene Liu) who goes ahead to critically search for a

Economics goverment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economics goverment - Essay Example Indeed, the defendants in the case, Carilion Health System defeated the U.S. Department of Justice by showing that hospital markets have unique characteristics that deviate from the norms of commerce. As such, in 1989, the U.S. Department of Justice failed to prevent the merger between Carilion Health System and another hospital in Roanoke (Eisenstadt, 1989). Hence, the two hospitals merged and continued to operate separately in Roanoke after the 1989 merger. However, in 2006, Carilion consolidated the two hospital boards and transferred most the workers and services to Roanoke Memorial Hospital (RMH). It also sought to buy the services of private physician groups. The CEO of Carilion Health System believed that medical staff could improve the cost and quality of care in Roanoke while operating in a centralized system. Because of the merger, there was no hospital competition in Roanoke. Subject to this, the cost of health care is on an all-time high and the health-insurance rates are very high in Roanoke, Virginia (Carreyrou, 2008). The Hospital Competition and Costs: The Carilion Case (1989) had fundamental legal issues as presented by the U.S Department of Justice (DOJ) and Carilion. The jury sought to litigate the issue related to the effect on competition and the presence of efï ¬ ciencies. Indeed, after the defendants and the DOJ have made their case, the court sought the jury’s advisory on three legal facts. The court sought an advisory on the correctness of the DOJ’s alleged geographic market, the DOJ’s assertion that the relevant product market consisted of only inpatient hospital care, and the consolidation’s likely effect on competition (Eisenstadt, 1989). To this effect, the DOJ had the legal burden of proofing that the proposed merger would lead to adverse competitive effects and would not derive

Individual Route - Chartered Engineer Self Assessment Essay

Individual Route - Chartered Engineer Self Assessment - Essay Example This shall be demonstrated through: Taking appropriate Engineering Council examinations until 2011 or Undertaking further qualifications approved by the EI, either in whole or in part, or Undertaking assessed work-based learning approved by the EI, or Submission of a Technical Report, or Any combination of these. Application Process Upon receipt of your application, the Membership Panel (MP) will conduct an initial review of your roles and responsibilities. You will also be required to submit the ICP information and supporting documentation for assessment by the ICP Panel (see page 2). Should the MP assessment and ICP assessment be successful you will be required to complete a Professional Development Review (PDR) Interview. A report from this interview will be made back to the MP. The MP will forward a recommendation to EI’s governing Council and you will be notified of the result. Should the MP concur, on the basis of your PDR and PDR interview, that your roles, responsibili ties and experiences satisfy those required by EI and the Engineering Council you will be elected into membership and registered with the EngC. The schematic diagram below outlines the process. Benchmark academic requirements for registration Education Formal education is the usual, though not the only, way of demonstrating the underpinning knowledge and understanding for professional competence. Underpinning knowledge and understanding The knowledge, understanding and skills to underpin performance are an essential component of competence. The requirements for Chartered Engineer registration shall be exemplified by particular educational qualifications, as follows: either an accredited Bachelors degree with honours in engineering or technology, plus either an appropriate Masters degree accredited or approved by a licensed professional engineering institution, or appropriate further learning to Masters level or an accredited integrated MEng degree. Requirements for assessment by the ICP panel When reviewing your application the ICP Panel will look at all the engineering-based qualifications that you have completed as well as your career history and training record. A profile of such qualifications is listed below to enable you to submit the appropriate information for assessment. The Professional Membership Manager will provide further information about this. In order to review your career history and qualifications against the requirements of an accredited academic programme, the ICP Panel will require: A module breakdown of your qualifications (undergraduate and postgraduate) A syllabus for the qualification(s) A copy of your final year dissertation, project or PhD etc. A completed self assessment form – please see appendix A copy of your membership application and PDR etc. Any other information you feel would support your application If you do not possess the module breakdown(s) and course syllabi for the course(s) you completed, you should obtain th em direct from your university or college. This information should be submitted to the Professional Membership Manager ideally with your application for membership of EI. Completing the self assessment form The academic learning outcomes, listed in the Annex, are taken from the Engineering Council requirements for an

Case study2 Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Study2 - Case Study Example he teacher needs to keep active for as long as possible in order to prolong her life, and this is only easy when the teacher is allowed to engage teaching which has been her job for long. It means that the teacher really has no option than to just continue teaching even though it has been realized that her output in class with her students is declining by the day. This is also a serious matter given that the students also should not get low marks or underperform at the expense of retaining an under-performing teacher. However, as a good principal, there is the need to balance the needs such that both the students and the teacher will not have to lose. The teacher can be allowed to teach for a few hours the students be given a replacement to help them pay for the lost time. If the teacher is left to continue teaching, at least this will help her family to be able to find some ease in dealing with her health issue. As a Principal, it would be wise to find more information about such a case from the doctors who specialize in such health issues before making any decision. This will help the principal to find out more about the disease in order to make an informed decision that will be of ethical value to the teacher and not go against the interest of the students. In case the principal does not want to consult the doctor or a victim of the situation, they can still get the information related to such issues from the internet, newspapers and magazines. Through this way, the principal can know how the victims of such cases are supposed to be treated and taken care of. Instead of allowing the teacher to teach full time, there are alternatives that can be applied. She can teach for fewer hours, leaving the rest of the time for the other teacher to help the students. Alternatively, the teacher can be allowed to work in other departments such as disciplinary or counseling. This will be done after being in touch with the employers or the supervisors who will assess and

Cultural enrichment Essay Example for Free

Cultural enrichment Essay Last February 17, 2009, I went to the ISU Juried Student Exhibition which was located in the Center for Performing and Arts Gallery building. The juror of the exhibition was Mr. Ronald Leax, Halsey C. an Ives Professor of Art in Washington; University, St. Louis, MO. Most of the paintings that were being exhibited illustrate beauty and nature. I’ve noticed that most of the people that were there during the time of my visit appear uninterested with the art that was surrounding them. They barely noticed and appreciated art in its raw form because most were just busy eating and chatting. They practically didn’t understand why their teacher sent them to the gallery; I believe they just went there for the sake of the class credits that they are going to get. But they were also a few who knew what art and beauty was, they showed their appreciation by praising and scrutinizing the works in the gallery. Other people were also busy having their pictures taken beside the beautiful paintings. As for myself, I was really intrigued by the works and the masters behind those paintings. How I wished I could come up with such art pieces that to me seemed like it was done during the middle ages. It was also entertaining to watch how some paintings depicted things about religion and politics it shows that people are really concerned with the current events happening and are even able to express it through art. It was also fascinating to watch the paintings that were cross-over from realism to non-objectivism. Those kinds of paintings are the ones that entertain the naked eye without much thought provocation. Those paintings are the ones that caught my eye because it is relaxing and entertaining to look at them. At the end of the day, I just hope that more would learn to appreciate the beauty of art rather than be overly absorbed from school or from work. They should see that art is relaxing to the soul and to the mind so people who are stressed out could go to art exhibits to unwind and to refresh their souls.

The Ecology Environment And Tourism Tourism Essay

The Ecology Environment And Tourism Tourism Essay Today, tourism is one of the largest and dynamically developing sectors of external economic activities. Its high growth and development rates, considerable volumes of foreign currency inflows, infrastructure development, and introduction of new management and educational experience actively affect various sectors of economy, which positively contribute to the social and economic development of the country as a whole. Most highly developed western countries, such as Austria, Italy, and Switzerland have accumulated a big deal of their social and economic welfare on profits from tourism. According to recent statistics, tourism provides about 10% of the worlds income and employs almost one tenth of the worlds workforce. All considered, tourisms actual and potential economic impact is astounding. Many people emphasize the positive aspects of tourism as a source of foreign exchange, a way to balance foreign trade, an industry without chimney In short, manna from heaven. But there are also a number of other positive and negative sides of tourisms economic boom for local communities, which not always considered by advocates of tourism perspectives. Therefore in this paper I will consider the main social and environment impacts of tourism at the country level. Travel and tourism does not necessarily involve travelling abroad. Much tourism takes place within peoples home country, on visits to attractions, city breaks, trips to business meetings, sports events or concerts, and visits to friends and relatives (abbreviated as VFR). There are three main types of tourism: domestic tourism, incoming or inbound tourism and outbound tourism. According to World Tourism Organisation (WTO) affiliated to the United Nations and recognised as the leading international body on global tourism tourism is defined as: The activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. World Tourism Organisation, 1993 Domestic Tourism: This is when people take holidays, short breaks and day trips in their own country. Examples would be: A couple taking a weekend break in their own country; A family visiting relations in another part of the country, even if they live only a few miles away. Incoming / Inbound Tourism: This describes people entering the country in question from their home country, so it is a type of international tourism. Examples could be: A group of Chinese visitors coming to Egypt on a recreational trip; Teams from different countries entering a country for an international event, such as the Olympic Games; Outbound Tourism: This term applies when people travel away from their home country to visit other international countries for leisure or business. Examples of this could be: Business people from the India travelling to Germany to visit a major exhibition; A day tripper from southern Malaysia visiting Singapore. It is possible to divide the components of the travel and tourism industry into six key areas, as represented in the Figure below, IMPACTS OF TOURISM Tourism has three major impacts namely, Socio-cultural, environmental and economic impacts. SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACT OF TOURISM Tourism may have many different effects on the social and cultural aspects of life in a particular region or area, depending on the cultural and religious strengths of that region. The interaction between tourists and the host community can be one of the factors that may affect a community as tourist may not be sensitive to local customs, traditions and standards. The effect can be positive or negative on the host community. Positive impacts on an area include benefits such as: Local community can mix with people from diverse backgrounds with different lifestyles which through demonstration effect may lead to the development of improved lifestyles and practices from the tourists examples. There can be an improvement in local life through better local facilities and infrastructure (developed to sustain tourism) which could lead to better education, health care, employment opportunities and income. More cultural and social events available for local people such as entertainment, exhibitions etc. Conservation of local and cultural heritage of an area and rebirth of its crafts, architectural traditions and ancestral heritage; Urban areas which may be in decline can be revived and the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas for employment may be reversed as jobs will be available in the tourism industry. Dubai is an ideal example of a tourist destination which has reaped the benefits of the positive impact of development, on the socio-cultural aspects of in the country. As noticed, considerable financial investment by both public and private sectors has resulted in development of the existing infrastructure and to job creation. Archaeological and heritage sites have been preserved, and local traditions are maintained. The hospitable culture of the Arab world and acceptance of others lifestyles implying that tourists are welcomed but do not threaten existing ways of life. However, tourism may have negative effects on an area, such as, Existing infrastructure (roads, railways, health care provision) may not be able to cope with the greater stress created by influx of people by tourism. Local populations activities and lifestyles may suffer intrusion from tourists leading to resentment towards tourists. The local population may copy lifestyles of tourists through the demonstration effect and the result could be loss to local customs and traditions as well as standards of behaviour. Increased crime could develop through decline in moral values, leading to greed and jealousy of wealthier visitors. Traditional industries may be lost and local goods substituted by imported and mass-produced goods which lack authenticity but appeal to a mass market. Tourists may act in an anti-social manner which could cause offence to the local population. Unless sufficient information is provided by the host nation and tourist providers on the standards of behaviour expected in that area, local populations come to resent tourists and act aggressively towards them. Language barriers between the tourist and the host community which may create communication problems. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF TOURISM Negative impacts from tourism occur when the level of visitor use is greater than the environments ability to cope with this use within the acceptable limits of change. Uncontrolled conventional tourism poses potential threats to many natural areas around the world. It can put enormous pressure on an area and lead to impacts such as soil erosion, increased pollution, discharges into the sea, natural habitat loss, increased pressure on endangered species and heightened vulnerability to forest fires. It often puts a strain on water resources, and it can force local populations to compete for the use of critical resources. The quality of the environment, both natural and man-made, is essential to tourism. However, tourisms relationship with the environment is complex. It involves many activities that can have adverse environmental effects. The negative impacts of tourism development can gradually destroy the environmental resources on which it depends. On the other hand, tourism has the potential to create beneficial effects on the environment by contributing to environmental protection and conservation. It is a way to raise awareness of environmental values and it can serve as a tool to finance protection of natural areas and increase their economic importance. Direct impact on natural resources, both renewable and non-renewable, in the provision of tourist facilities can be caused by the use of land for accommodation and other infrastructure provision, and the use of building materials. Water, and especially fresh water, is one of the most critical natural resources. The tourism industry generally overuses water resources for hotels, swimming pools, golf courses and personal use of water by tourists. This can result in water shortages and degradation of water supplies, as well as generating a greater volume of waste water. Forests often suffer negative impacts of tourism in the form of deforestation caused by fuel wood collection and land clearing. For example, one trekking tourist in Nepal and area already suffering the effects of deforestation can use four to five kilograms of wood a day. In areas with high concentrations of tourist activities and appealing natural attractions, waste disposal is a serious problem and improper disposal can be a major despoiler of the natural environment rivers, scenic areas, and roadsides. Solid waste and littering can degrade the physical appearance of the water and shoreline and cause the death of marine animals. Construction of ski resort accommodation and facilities frequently requires clearing forested land. Coastal wetlands are often drained and filled due to lack of more suitable sites for construction of tourism facilities and infrastructure. These activities can cause severe disturbance and erosion of the local ecosystem, even destruction in the long term. Source: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2001 ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM Tourisms economic benefits are touted by the industry for a variety of reasons. Claims of tourisms economic significance give the industry greater respect among the business community, public officials, and the public in general. This often translates into decisions or public policies that are favourable to tourism. Community support is important for tourism, as it is an activity that affects the entire community. Tourism businesses depend extensively on each other as well as on other businesses, government and residents of the local community. Economic benefits and costs of tourism reach virtually everyone in the region in one way or another. Economic impact analyses provide tangible estimates of these economic interdependencies and a better understanding of the role and importance of tourism in a regions economy. Tourism activity also involves economic costs, including the direct costs incurred by tourism businesses, government costs for infrastructure to better serve tourists, as well as congestion and related costs borne by individuals in the community. Community decisions over tourism often involve debates between industry proponents touting tourisms economic impacts (benefits) and detractors emphasizing tourisms costs. Sound decisions rest on a balanced and objective assessment of both benefits and costs and an understanding of who benefits from tourism and who pays for it. Tourisms economic impacts are therefore an important consideration in state, regional and community planning and economic development. Economic impacts are also important factors in marketing and management decisions. Communities therefore need to understand the relative importance of tourism to their region, including tourisms contribution to economic activity in the area. A variety of methods, ranging from pure guesswork to complex mathematical models, are used to estimate tourisms economic impacts. Studies vary extensively in quality and accuracy, as well as which aspects of tourism are included. Technical reports often are filled with economic terms and methods that non-economists do not understand. On the other hand, media coverage of these studies tend to oversimplify and frequently misinterpret the results, leaving decision makers and the general public with a sometimes distorted and incomplete understanding of tourisms economic effects. Tourism has a variety of economic impacts. Tourists contribute to a destinations sales, profits, jobs, tax revenues, and income. Primary tourism sectors, such as lodging, dining, transportation, amusements, and retail trade, are affected directly: most other sectors are impacted by secondary effects. An economic impact analysis of tourism activity usually focuses on regional tourism-related changes in sales, income, and employment. A standard economic impact analysis traces the path that money takes once it leaves a tourists pocket: this is also referred to as the flows of money from tourism spending. The first flow, (direct effect), is to the businesses and government agencies to which the tourists pay money directly. The money then flows through the economy as: Payments from these direct recipients to their suppliers, Salaries and wages for households who provide labour for tourism or supporting industries, Various government taxes and charges payable by tourists, businesses and households. Continuing the fluid analogy, a leakage occurs when money escapes the economy of a region because a local consumer, (household, business or government), has purchased a product from an outside supplier. DIRECT AND SECONDARY ECONOMIC EFFECTS Economists distinguish direct, indirect and induced economic effects. The total economic impact of tourism is the sum of direct, indirect and induced effects within a region. Indirect and induced effects are sometimes collectively called secondary effects. These impacts or effects may be measured in terms of gross output, sales, income, employment, or value added. Although they are often used somewhat loosely by non-economists, these terms have precise definitions that are important when interpreting economic impact study results. Direct effects, are production changes associated with the immediate effects of changes in tourism expenditures. For example, an increase in the number of tourists staying overnight in hotels would directly increase room sales in the hotel sector. The additional hotel sales and associated changes in hotel payments for wages, salaries, taxes, supplies and services are direct effects of the tourist spending. Indirect effects are the production changes resulting from various rounds of re-spending of the tourism industrys receipts in backward-linked industries. For example, industries supplying products and services to hotels). Changes in sales, jobs and income in the linen supply industry, for example, represent indirect effects of changes in hotel sales. Businesses supplying products and services to the linen supply industry represent another round of indirect effects, eventually linking hotels by varying degrees to most other economic sectors in the region. Induced effects are the changes in economic activity resulting from household spending of income earned directly or indirectly as a result of tourism spending. For example, hotel and linen supply employees supported directly or indirectly by tourism, spend their income in the local region for housing, food, transportation, and the usual array of household product and service needs. The sales, income, and jobs that result from household spending of added wage, salary, or proprietors income are induced effects. Total Economic Impact Total Economic Impact = Direct + Secondary Effects = Direct + (Indirect + Induced Effects) A change in tourist spending can affect virtually every sector of the economy by means of indirect and induced effects. The magnitude of these secondary effects is directly related to the propensity of local businesses and households to purchase from local suppliers. Induced effects are easily visible when a large regional plant closes: supporting industries are hurt by the indirect effects, but the entire local economy usually suffers due to the reduction in regional household income. Retail stores may close, thereby increasing leakages as local consumers turn to outside suppliers. Similar but reversed induced effects are observable when there is a significant increase in regional jobs and household income. INPUT-OUTPUT MODELS An input-output (I-O) model is a mathematical model that describes the flows of money between sectors within a regions economy. Flows are predicted based on the inputs that each industry must buy from every other industry to produce a dollars worth of output. I-O models also determine the proportions of sales that go to wage and salary income, proprietors income, and taxes. Multipliers can be estimated from input-output models based on the estimated re-circulation of spending within the region. Exports and imports are determined based on estimates of the propensity of households and firms to purchase goods and services from local sources (often called RPCs or regional purchase coefficients). The more self-sufficient a region is, the fewer the leakages, so that the multipliers are correspondingly higher. Input-output models make a number of basic assumptions: All firms in a given industry employ the same production technology and produce identical products. There are no economies or diseconomies of scale in production or factor substitution. I-O models are essentially linear: double the level of tourism activity/production and you must double all of the inputs. Analysts generally report the impact estimates as if they represent activity within a single year, although the model does not explicitly keep track of time. One must assume that the various model parameters are accurate and represent the current year. I-O models are firmly grounded in the national system of accounts which relies on a standard industrial classification system (SIC codes), and on various federal government economic censuses in which individual firms report sales, wage and salary payments and employment. I-O models are generally at least a few years out-of-date: this is not usually a problem unless the regions economy has changed significantly. An I-O model represents the regions economy at a particular point in time: tourist spending estimates are generally price adjusted to the year of the model. Multiplier computations for induced effects generally assume that jobs created by additional spending are new jobs involving the movement of new households to the area. Induced effects are computed assuming linear changes in household spending with changes in income. Estimates of induced effects are frequently inflated when these assumptions are not accurate, (for example, when new jobs are staffed by existing residents). As induced effects usually comprise the vast majority of secondary effects of tourism, they should be used with caution. Measuring the Economic Impact of Tourism The economic impacts of tourism are typically estimated by some variation of the simple formula: Defining the Economic Impact of Tourism: Economic Impact of Tourism = # of Tourists * Ave. Spending per Visitor * Multiplier Where # of tourists = numbers of tourists and ave. = average Estimate the change in the number and types of tourists to the region that will result from the proposed policy or action: Estimates or projections of tourist activity generally come from a demand model or some system for measuring levels of tourism activity in an area: economic impact estimates rely on good estimates of the number and types of visitors, which come from carefully designed measurements of tourist activity, a good demand model, or good judgment. This step is usually the weakest link in most tourism impact studies, as few regions have accurate counts of tourists, let alone good models for predicting changes in tourism activity or separating local visitors from visitors who originate outside the region. Estimate average levels of spending (often within specific market segments) of tourists in the local area: Spending averages come from sample surveys or are adapted from other studies. Spending estimates must be based on a representative sample of the population of tourists, and should take into account variations across seasons, market segments or types of tourists, and locations within the study area. As spending can vary widely by type of tourist, we recommend estimating average spending for a set of key tourist segments based on samples of at least 50-100 visitors per tourism segment. Segments should be defined to capture differences in spending between local residents vs. tourists, day users vs. overnight visitors, type of accommodation (motel, campground, seasonal home, with friends and relatives), and type of transportation (car, RV, air, rail, etc.). In broadly-based tourism impact studies, it is useful to identify unique spending patterns of important activity segments such as downhill skiers, boaters, or convention business travellers multiplying the number of tourists by the a verage spending per visitor, (making certain that units are consistent), gives an estimate of total tourist spending in the area. Estimates of tourist spending will generally be more accurate if distinct spending profiles and use estimates are made for key tourism segments. The use and spending estimates are the two most important parts of an economic impact assessment. When combined, they capture the amount of money brought into the region by tourists. Please note: multipliers are needed only if one is interested in the secondary effects of tourism spending. Apply the change in spending to a regional economic model or set of multipliers to determine secondary effects: Secondary effects of tourism are estimated using multipliers, or a model of the regions economy. Multipliers generally come from an economic base or input-output model of the regions economy. Often, multipliers are borrowed improperly or adjusted from published multipliers or other studies. Avoid taking a multiplier estimated for one region and applying it in a region with a quite different economic structure. As a general rule, multipliers are higher for larger regions with more diversified economies. A common error is to apply a state-wide multiplier (since these are more widely published) to a local region. This will yield inflated estimates of local multiplier effects. Stynes, D., (1997). Economic impacts of Tourism. pp. 1-19 Urbana, IL:   University of Illinois,  Cooperative Extension Service bulletin.