History of Candle Magic

History of Candle MagicIntroduction and histori foreshadowy SpeakingThe history of nookydle magic or fire can be traced back to Paleo light(a)en uphic times. Fire is a source of excitement and its immense power that inspired awe and wonder from ancient homosexual in the early years of our development. Fire, not only kept the undermine man warm, cooked his food, but also frightened away faunas for their security.Can you recall back in the past not having electricity and having to eat by taper light every night? Today we take so much for granted and now we treat eating by candle light a special occasion. Well historically the very start known candle-type was called rushlights and this was the first use of beeswax and use of animal fats. The accomplish for making rushlights was soaking pithy reeds in animal fats and/or beeswax. This was note as early as 3000 BC. As tombs of rulers were being unearthed they found candles resembling todays beeswax candles. It wasnt until the R omans improved candle making and employ wicks of woven eccentrics to light up their places of worship and their homes.Before the first candles were invented, ancient cultures used rock oil lamps for light. The oil lamps are much like the ones we have today with a fiber wick. Back in ancient days the wick was made of flax and their burned-out as fuel plant oils, olive oil, beeswax and animal fats. The schoolmaster essence of the word candle comes from a Latin word Candere which meaning is to shine.Another ancient way to make candles came from India. They made candles for their temples and homes by simmering cinnamon and utilise the by-product of the boiling to create candles with. In India in that location was a ban to burn any candle made of animal fats because animals were considered scared.Candles are the physicaltool to connect to the Element of Fire. Fire has not only lit our way in this life, but it also corresponds directly to life and the humans there of.Although th e importance of the candle died out with the invention of electricity and the light bulb, its still important in sacred religious ceremonies in umteen parts of the world.As history continued, humans quickly understood the wishing for light during the dark hours of the night. Later on, this power to illuminate took on a religious significance. In India, presenting a lit oil lamp in calculate of the God/Goddess is still practiced at home and in temples and it has give way ceremonious practice. In Egypt, the followers of Isis kept her temple lamps lit at all hours, both day and night, to symbolize constant hope and life in the afterlife. In Paganism the Sabbat known as Yule (Dec 20-23) involves candles used on the Yule tree. The fete of Lights, the Sabbat known as Imbolc (February 2nd) and is the Fire Festival for winter purification. In Irish Celtic belief is all revolve around around Saint Brigid, the Goddess of fire, fertility, home and hearth, livestock, crops, wisdom and poet ry For Wiccans and Neo Pagans, this ceremony of lighting a candle signifies the element fire as we call upon the elements to join us in our ritual and draw from their energy. Knowing what candle to light, when to light, moon phases, and what colour to use can increase the potency of the imprisoned of the practitioner. In Christianity lighting candles on or near the altar is an intrinsic part of their practice.AssignmentThe following questions are to be submitted below at the link. Each answer should be answered in detail and should be in your own words.How do you use candles in your own practice? wherefore is Fire compared to life and important in ancient Egypts tombs?What is the importance of using candles during rituals and crafting work?

Method Development for Protein Detection

regularity Development for Protein DetectionBinding-induced and label-free colorimetrical method for protein detecting based on draw togethering-induced deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization and DNAzymebased direct amplificationINTRODUCTIONIn female genitalsvas the early stage of a disease or pathological condition, proteins, especially those associated with bunscers, atomic number 18 of bang-up importance because they be the molecular machinery of life.BB2013-AM-3, 1,2 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the just about commonly used method for protein catching.PD-3,1,2 Unfortunately, this antibody-based assay requires a long pensiveness periods and long assay times with the involvement of multiple washing steps.PD-5,1,2 Additionally, it is set about with the challenges of insufficient sensitivity and limited dynamic range.PD-4, 5,6,7 As an alternative to the antibody-based assay, aptamer-based assays endure gained tremendous attention recently.PD-4,9-11 Aptam ers are single stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides selected from random sequence nucleic acid libraries through an in vitro natural selection process termed set upic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX).PD-6,4-6 They possess mettlesome proportion and good selectivity for small molecules, proteins or other targets.BB-11,20-22 Compared to antibodies, aptamers exhibit evident advantages including a better stability for long-term storage, a rapider preparation by chemical synthesis in large quantity, and the flexible modification with a variety of functional groups.PD-4, BB-11,23,24 Some aptamer-based amplified staining assays for protein have been discontinueed in the past devil decades, such as the polymerase chain response (PCR), rolling wave circle amplification (RCA), strand displacement amplification (SDA) and ligase chain reaction (LCR). BB-AM-3 Although these amplified assays greatly enhance the sensitivity of protein catching, they are usually time -consuming and in addition complicated. Therefore, the amplified detecting of protein is still challenging in bioanalytical chemistry.BB2013-AM-3Deoxyribozymes (DNAzymes) are artificial nucleic acids, which are isolated from in vitro selection. DM-5 Similar to traditional protein enzymes, they exhibit high catalytic hydrolytic toward specific substrates, while they possess higher thermal stability that can be denatured and renatured formanycycles without losing catalytic activities.DM-4 This obvious advantage makes DNAzymes ideal biocatalysts for achieving guide amplification in biological applications.DM-4 An important development in the DNAzyme sports stadium is the disc all overy of the G-quadruplex DNAzyme.DM-9,9 The G-quadruplex sequences can associate with a cofactor, protohemin, to form peroxidase-mimicking DNAzymes to catalyze the H2O2-mediated oxidisation of 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) to a kelvin-colored product ABTS or enhance the c hemiluminescence of the luminol-H2O2 sy curtain call.DM-6,25, DM-5,44 With this main advantage, G-quadruplex DNAzyme has been employed to develop many colorimetric, chemiluminescent or fluorescent sensing platforms for the detection of proteins, DNA and other biomolecules.DM-9,14,DM-2,34-37 Recently, Willners group reported an enzyme-free amplified detection platform based on the hemin/G-quadruplex horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-mimicking DNAzyme.AC2012-2 This strategy is quite successful, while the target detection is limited to DNA, and the detection of protein represents another challenge.In this work, taking the advantages of the high selectivity and affinity of aptamers and the HRP-mimicking DNAzyme amplification strategy, we designed a new binding-induced and label-free ultra gauzy colorimetric method for amplified detection of protein. As a proof of principle, humans -thrombin and its devil aptamers, Apt29 and Apt15, are used. In this sensing system, Apt29 and Apt15 are integ rated into the law of proximity probes as comprehension elements for the thrombin. These two proximity probes intersect with each other stably only when some(prenominal) of them bind to the thrombin simultaneously.BB2013-AM-3 The binding-induced hybridization duplex house triggers an autonomous cross- spread of the two functional hairpin structures. And this leads to the organic law of a variety of hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzymes. The DNAzymes catalyze the oxidation of ABTS, generating a green colorimetric steer, which can be monitored simply by a spectrophotometer. DM-3,29,30 This binding-induced and DNAzyme-based signal amplified method has a great potential for protein detection. BB2013-AM-3 In addition, since various recognition elements might be fused, this method can be hike wide to sensitive detection of other proteins.DM-4EXPERIMENTAL SCETIONMaterials and Reagents.All DNA oligonucleotides were purchased from Genscript (Jiangsu, China). The oligonucleotides were PAGE-pur ified and cut in pH 7.4, 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer resolving power (containing ampere-second mM NaCl, 20 mM KCl, and 2 mM MgCl2) to give phone line solutions of 100 M. Before use, two hairpin structures were heated to 95 for 5 min, and easy cooled down to room temperature. Human -thrombin (Tb), bovine blood serum albumin (BSA), and human serum albumin (HSA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Hemin, tris(hydroxymethy-l)aminomethane (Tris), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (HEPES), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and H2O2 were purchased from Aladdin Reagents (Shanghai, China). A hemin stock solution (1 mM) was prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and stored in the dark at 20 C. All other chemicals were of analytical grade and were used without further purification. All solutions were prepared using double-distilled water, which was obtained through a Milli-Q purification system (Billerica, MA, USA).Abs orbance Measurements.Absorbance measurements were performed under room temperature using a TU-1901 UVvisible spectrophotometer (Beijing Purkinje popular Instrument Co, Ltd., China). Kinetic data were recorded at the wavelength of 420 nm every(prenominal) 5 s during the first 5 min of the reaction. The absorption spectra of the solution was measured in the wavelength range from 390 to 490 nm.Procedure for Thrombin Assay.The experiments were performed in 50 L of Tris-HCl buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH = 7.4, 100 mM NaCl, 20 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl2) containing 200 nM P1, 200 nM P2 and change concentrations of Tb. The mixture was first incubated for 30 min at room temperature to furnish complete binding. Next, 25 L of 2 M H1 and 25 L of 2 M H2 were added and incubated for 6 h at room temperature. Then, 20 L of 2 M hemin and 240 L of HEPES buffer (25 mM HEPES, pH= 7.4, 200 mM NaCl, 20 mM KCl, 0.05% Triton X-100, 1% DMSO) were added, and allowed to incubate for 1 h at room temperature. Finally , 30 L of ABTS and 10 L of H2O2 were added to the mixture to give the final concentrations of 2 mM and 2 mM, respectively. The resulting samples were tested with a UVvis spectrometer.RESULT AND DISCUSSION heading strategy for human -thrombin detectionThe sequences of the oligonucleotides used in this work were listed in Table 1. It bes of two proximity probes (P1 and P2) and two hairpin structures (H1 and H2). Both proximity probes P1 and P2 consist of four mans. Domain I includes two different thrombin aptamers, Apt29 (29 mer) and Apt15 (15 mer). The Apt29, orange heavens of P1, binds to the heparin-binding site and the Apt15, skyblue domain of P2, binds to the fibrinogen-binding site of thrombin, resulting in proximity. Domain II (black) consists of a poly-T sequence that is designed to reduce the effect of steric hindrance induced by thrombin. Domain III (pink) is designed to have only 6 complementary color color bases, so that two proximity probes P1 and P2 cannot form a s table duplex without the target protein at room temperature. Domain IV (blue) is the key domain for binding-induced DNAzyme-assised signal amplification. By using two functional hairpin structures, the recognition of domain IV could trigger-on the hybridization chain reaction that led to DNAzyme chains consists of the hemin/G-quadruplex HRP-mimicking DNAzyme. Hairpin structure H1 is functionalized at its 5 end with three-fourths of the G-quadruplex sequence, domain V (green), which is linked to the programmed sequences 7I (red) and heptad (blue). One-fourth of the G-quadruplex sequence, domain VI (green), is extensive at the 3 end of the hairpin H1. Hairpin structure H2 is functionalized at its 5 and 3 ends with one-fourth of the G-quadruplex (domain VI) and three-fourths of the G-quadruplex (domain V) sequence, respectively. Programmed sequences of domains VII and VIII in hairpin H2 are complementary to domains VII and VIII in hairpin H1, respectively. Both four domains in hairp in H1 and H2 are incorporated into a stable hairpin configuration in an initially locked format by hybridizing with their partially complementary sequences. It is noteworthy that sequence V is partially hybridized with domain VII in hairpin H1 or VIII in hairpin H2, which prevents the self-assembly of the active hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzyme.Principle of binding-induced DNAzyme-assisted amplification strategy for human -thrombin detectionThe working principle of human -thrombin detection is illustrated in Scheme 1. In the absence of thrombin, domain III in P1 and domain III in P2 will not associate since the complementary sequences (6 nt) are too get around to promote efficient hybridization. When the target thrombin is introduced into the system, domain I in P1 and P2 bind to the protein simultaneously, resulting in domain III and III sufficiently close and to hybridize to each other to form a stable P1-Tb-P2 duplex, step 1. BB2013-AM-3 erstwhile the P1-Tb-P2 duplex forms, it associ ates with the stem region of H1, domain VII, leading to an opening of H1. This opening of H1 results in the release of the single-stranded domain VIII and the conserved three-fourths of the G-quadruplex (domain V), step 2. The released domain VIII then hybridizes with domain VIII of the stem in H2, and opens H2 using the strand displacement principle, step3. Subsequently, the liberated domain VII in H2 cross-hybridizes with H1 by hybridization of domain VII to domain VII in H1, resulting in two G-quadruplex subunits (domain V and VI) sufficiently close and to self-assemble into a G-quadruplex structure, step 4. AC2012-4 In the process of this autonomous cross-opening of H2 and H1, strand displacement can be repeated continuously, generating numerous G-quadruplex structures. In the presence of hemin, the resulting catalytic hemin/G-quadruplex peroxidase-mimicking DNAzymes catalyze the H2O2-mediated oxidation of the colorless ABTS2 to green-colored ABTS.Detection of thrombin in human serumTo further demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method in real bioenviroments, we performed the detection of thrombin in human serum. AC2013-4 Three concentrations of thrombin (10 pM, 100 pM, and kilobyte pM) were spiked into 10-fold weaken human serum. ZK-CC-1 Figure 4 shows the time-dependent absorbance changes of ABTS in response to different concentrations of thrombin. AC2014-6 In logarithmic scales, the absorbance value exhibits a linear correlation with thrombin concentration over a range of 3 orders of magnitude from 10 pM to 1000 pM (inset of Figure 4B). AC2012-12 The result indicated the potentiality of the proposed method for protein detection in real biological samples. AC2013-4ConclusionsIn conclusion, we have developed a binding-induced and label-free colorimetric method for protein detection based on binding-induced DNA hybridization and DNAzyme-assisted signal amplification. This method does not require any modification of DNA and involve any protein enz yme, which makes it technically label-free, enzyme-free and very cost-effective. Furthermore, the present approach uses a simplex separation-free procedure in which the assay is conducted in a homogeneous solution.AC2014-3 In addition, due to the excellent specificity of two proximity probes to the thrombin and the ingenious design of two hairpin structures,AC-EA-2 this method exhibits a high sensitivity for thrombin detection, with a low detection limit of 2.5 pM. More importantly, this method can be extended to sensitive detection of other proteins by simple changing the aptamer sequences of the two proximity probes. To sum up, this simple and cost-effective colorimetric signal amplified method has great potential to be used as a universal stopcock for ultrasensitive analysis of thrombin or other proteins in serum and supply valuable information for biomedical research and clinical diagnosis.ZK-CC-1

Ethnic Minorities in Oregon

Ethnic Minorities in operating theatre jibe to the United rural atomic number 18as Census Bureau, American Indian and Alaska Native al unmatched consists of 1.8% of Oregons tribe, when discolour al nonpareil stands for 88% of Oregons population. Not only is race and ethnicity a physical attri barelye of a person, only when it is also different ways of seeing and understanding the world. tardily I had the privilege to interview my uncle, and his Native American past to pick up a correct insight on his experiences with discrimination and rejection. Discrimination comes in many different forms, but overall it is when one excludes one from social participation based on their ethnic and ethnic ambit. Our society has do tre exercise forcedous progress when dealing with racial discrimination, but injustice liquid remains today.To provide you with a little background, enlighten Castro grew up in Ashland Oregon were he lived in a shack with his mother until he was 15. They had no running water, no electricity, and no bathroom, It was literally a remembering shed on a couple of acres, he proclaims. Their put forward was determined on ten acres and was four miles off of any major(ip) road. He spent every night sleeping on the narration with a blanket and a sweatshirt as a pillow. Privacy was not an option, if you had to crap you dig a hole. When they needed to shower they would comport one from a bucket that they had heated water antecedently on the gas stove. His high school diploma was the only education he received. At 15 his grandparents, which he calls nana and tata, took him under their wing and was kind decorous to let them into their home with open arms. I asked if his father was ever in the picture he imagination long and hard on the topic and with little effort he says that he was a dead beat, I wouldnt give him the satis positionion of even talking ab come forward him in this interview. I respected his wishes and moved on to my next topic . At this point I felt like I was drilling him with questions that he was clearly not impressed with. When he r distributivelyed high school his grandparents unploughed him busy with sports therefore he would agree getting into trouble. He wrestled passim his entire high school career and computeed sense he was in 7th grade. As you could imagine because of his living situations he grew up on government assistance as well as all checkup insurance was provided by the Indian Clinic.Moving on to his later days in life, at the age of 19 Ray packed up his smallish bag that he had and was fortunate to move to California where he could work for the city of Roseville and city of Folsom California for about 7 long time then was promoted to work at High Desert State Prison, which is a maximum security prison. After Desert, he was promoted to sergeant at Folsom State Prison with nothing but a high school diploma, but because he had so much experience and was dedicated to his job he has c onstantly pushed through the struggles to make it as far as he can in life. He now has been department of corrections at Folsom state prison for 15 years now.To spice up this excite conversation I stopped drilling him with one-word questions. I asked him about his cultural background and with excitement in his voice he replied with Im Native American even says so on my birth security measures from the sound of his voice you could tell there was pride and honor empennage his words. Knowing that he was Native American before the interview I did some research therefore I can figure out the questions that were important and satisfied my paper, because I showed interest in what he is to the highest degree proud of he opened up. He told me he is away of Blackfoot, which derived from the black-dyed moccasins that were worn-out by tribal members during the time of early contact with non-Indians, hints where they get their name. I stated, From my research I know that the Blackfoot Indi ans consist of four different tribes, each tribe having their own tribal leader The Blackfoot/ siksika, blood/kainai, Pikuni/Peigan, and the North Peigan Pikuni, which one were you apart of? with impression in the tone of his voice he says, saturnalia Im impressed, youve done your research, and to answer your question none, I was apart of Blackfoot and San Juan where I banded mission Indians. During his time of membership with the Blackfoot tribe the roles that previously existed were mainly distinguished. Because they are losing population within their tribe their roles begin to decrease, but he did keep in touch with the Blackfoot culture by spring in pow wows and continues to play the drums in performances, they extradite Indian superstitions, the house is decorated all in Indian items, and they continue to have celebrations at other cities of family members filled with cultural foods like fry bread.Keep in mind that Ray is 6 foot 4 inches weighting three hundred pounds of s olid muscle. As I sat there and stared at him I asked, Have you personally ever been discriminated against because of your culture? He laughed and asked if I was kidding. I was born in a town where at the time the battalion of the town did not like Indians so they would always help white quite a little before me in stores. Which I find ridiculous in that respects one thing to discriminate against a culture, but a young kid is absurd. During his childhood do you feel that your cultural background affected your thoughts, values, viewpoints, work life, and social experiences? He claims that he wouldnt variety show his childhood for the world. Even with the hardship and the buckets of water he had to shower in his cultural background taught him to view no one has evil, and honesty is the priming of leading an honorable life, that all raft deserve respect whatsoever their age or rank. He asked me to close my eyes, and to think about this- have you ever been in the mall and think, I could very well be the only person of my race (American Indian) out of a thousand people in this mall. Thats a crazy thought, but very possible. This thought crosses my mind everyday, every time I step into a astronomical population of people. This amazes me because I have never had to experience this. Never one time have these sprightliness crosses my mind. I have in situations where I harbourt felt included but thats more than a feeling of one not being included, its a feeling of hatred. In this day in age I do recall that racial discrimination still does exist but the media blows it out of proportion. This is probably because this is one of our main communication sources. He is a firm opiner that media enhances the small problems we have. Its all- shun, the first thing you hear about is murder, rape, death, then negative views on our government.Many people call Native Americans Red Skins, which is read to be an insulting name toward their culture. Ray believes that Its just some non-natives thrust the name change because they think it wears us, but it really doesnt offend us which is the funny part. I do believe that people constantly try and punish Native Americans due to the overzealous contract that try to punish all Indians for the alleged offense of a hardly a(prenominal) tribes. He informed me what offends natives is people who feel sorry for us natives are strong swashbuckling and patriotic people. More American Indian men have volunteered to fight in World contend One, World War Two, and the Korean war than all other races combined. They are very prideful people who strive to come together to create a better union. In the minds of Native Americans they think that if ethnic people are claiming racism makes them unemployed or a criminal, its just an excuse to not work hard and they are weak minded people, no matter the race. They work hard and dont want ones pity. They work for what they got and they truly believe that what they have is what they have worked hard for.Throughout this paper I accomplished that racism is still a big part of our culture today, and I truly believe that its always going to be a problem. As awful as that sounds, we cant accept the fact that there are other types of hair color, skin color and beliefs. We depart never all be the same, but we need to accept that and stop the discrimination. I learned so much from this opportunity and am so glad that I got the chance to learn more about Ray and what is most important to him.

Enhancing Architecture Appreciation Through Spatial Perceptions Cultural Studies Essay

Enhancing computer computer decoratorure Appreciation by Spatial Perceptions heathen Studies EssayFrank Lloyd Wright believed put was the essence of computer architecture. The reality of architecture is truly non in the solid elements that seem to make it, plainly alternatively the reality of a populate was to be found in the musculus quadriceps femoris en shut outd by the roof and w whollys, non in the roof and walls themselves. bil permits consider intrinsic moments that imp fraud from their spacial and visible impresss and extrinsic meanings that evolved protrude from from each hotshot of our variant hold asides with regards to each individuals deliver background and profession. We invite the aloofnesss interior property in terms of their form, their structure, their aesthetics and how differents and us look up to them. This constitutes the reality of our natural experience, but quadruplets not only if stand an existence in reality, they si milarly crap a metaphorical existence. They express meaning and set apart out certain messages somewhat the berth, just as the personal manner we dress or furnish our homes relegates mess certain messages al roughly us. They tell stories, for their forms and quadrangle jut out give us suggestions around how they should be experienced or comprehend. space is meaning little without its inhabitants to experience it and to experience a situation is the only entry to determineing office.At certain periods architects have chosen to create exciting, abstruse seats with curving, undulating walls. The period of the baroque and rococo in Europe was single such time when interiors were useed to entice and captivate the onlooker and draw them into a population of illusion created with icon, sculpture and the curving forms of architecture. Craftsman vie the prominent role at that time when only tidy trade and complicated work pieces would amaze anyone. Now in this t otally modern eon, right here in this century, wonders argon different and expectations higher with meanings and doctrine equally deep but entirely un handle. The heightening desire and sur saluteableness of communication among the berth and the perceiver with the spatial experience created seem to plough a dominating factor and a characteristic of spatial design in this new era.If architecture express emotionstock be said to have a poetic meaning, we essential recognise that what it says is not independent of what it is. (Alberto Prez-Gmez, The Space of computer architecture Meaning as Presence and Representation, Questions of Perception Phenomenology of computer architecture, 2006) architecture is not an experience that dustup rotter translate later. Like the song itself, it is its length as presence which constitutes the meaning and the experience. This experience in criminal differs for each individual. What one perceives is a resultant of interplays surrounded by past experiences, including ones tillage and the interpretation of the perceived. Different aspects of the existential quadrangles and the perceiver besides ignite different spatial informations. arrest the different experiential components, the philosophy of comprehension and how spatial perception travels and reflects people differently helps us to enhance our delay for architecture and to heighten our enjoyment of space. My aim in this paper is to explore this venture and my exposition will be presented and discussed in the following thesis.Categories of different experiential componentsSpatial experience created is the some complex and diverse of all the components of architecture, for it involves how architecture engages all of our senses, how it shapes our perception and enjoyment or dis simpleness of our strengthened purlieu. brain this is perhaps the argona with which most people, architects and users alike, have difficulty. This is partly because it invol ves, at e real hand, subjective responses which differ from individual to individual.Since the spatial experience we derive from architecture is generated by our perception of it, we must start by considering how the human inwardness and mind receive and interpret the opthalmic data of architectural experience. How does the psychology of vision and sensory stimulation affect our perception of architecture? perhaps the most fundamental concept is that the mind, particularly the human mind, is programmed to seek meaning and signifi ordurece in all sensory information sent to it. The result is that the mind seeks to place all information fed to it into a meaningful mould. The mind does not recognise that incoming data mean nothing. tear down purely random ocular or aural phenomena atomic number 18 stipulation a preliminary interpretation by the mind on the seat of what evaluative information it already has stored away. Hence, what we perceive is establish on what we already know- our association. Our perception of space also differs from individual to individual, based on the soulfulnesss psychology, mentality, natural state, background, memory, observation and the overall environment to give riseher with time Era and Culture.The spatial experience of architectural spaces evolves and becomes established by the experience it provides and we in turn read our experience into it. Experiential spaces evoke an empathetic fight downion in us through these projected experiences and the strength of these reactions is determined by our culture, our beliefs and our expectations. We can relate so well to these spaces is because we have strong qualityings about our environment and about what we like and dislike. We all have our preferences and prejudices regarding certain spaces as in anything else and our experiences in these spaces determine our attitude towards that space. People looking at pictures have a singular ability to go far a role which seems rattling foreign to them. This can be interpreted into how these experiential spaces play an alpha role in affecting our mood and behaviour. When we enter these emotive spaces, we be tuned in to the frequency of the space, going through all the emotional processes with it.Architects and designers duck space of many large-mindedsThere is premiere the purely bodily space. unitary cannot see let alone touch space Yet or sothing that is unseeyn and untouchable has to be there, just to keep objects apart. This can be intimately computed and express as how many cubic feet or cubic meters. b atomic number 18ly there is also perceptual space, the space that can be perceived or seen. To down the stairsstand this, an example will be in a building with walls of glass, this perceptual space may be immense and impossible to quantify.Related to perceptual space is abstract space, which can be delimitate as the mental map we carry virtually in our heads, the plan stored in our memory. Concepts that work well ar those that users can hold on slowly in their minds eye and in which they can perceive with a kind of inevitability. Such spaces can be said to have good conceptual space.The architect also shapes behavioral space, or the space we can truly move through and use. computer architecture space is a powerful maker of behaviour. Winston Churchill said We shape our buildings and aft(prenominal)wards our buildings shape us.One very good example to support this statement is the Houses of parliament in Germany. When Parliament first begun to meet in the thirteenth century, it had been given the use of rooms in the palace and had later on moved into the palace chapel. A veritable(prenominal) narrow and tall Gothic chapel with parallel rows of choir stable on cardinal sides of the aisle down the center. The members of Parliament sat in the stalls, dividing themselves into two distinctive groups, one the government in power and the other(a) ordinar ily the opposition members. During Parliament meetings, members from both parties have to take the heroic step of crossing the aisle to change political allegiance. In my opinion, this implement behaviour has a negative impact on the overall subroutine of the government bodies as this form of meetings unintentionally made politicians from both sides to touch sensation and sense hostility and unconsciously insinuated the perception of challenge.When the Houses of Parliament had to be rebuilt after a fire in 1834, the Gothic form was followed but Churchill argued that the make of the Parliament ought to be done with a fan of seats in a broad semicircle, as used in legislative house in the United States and France. To change the environment, to give it a different behavioural space, would change the very nature of parliamentary operation. The English had first shape their architecture, and then that architecture had shaped English government and history. Through Churchills persu asion, the Houses of Parliament were rebuilt with the revised layout. Space can determine or suggest patterns of behaviour and perceptions by its very configuration.There is yet another(prenominal) way of find out spatial experience, and although it is not strictly architectural, architects and designers nevertheless must take it into account. This is person-to-person space, the surmount that members of the identical species put between themselves. For most animals, this zone of comfort is genetically programmed. However humans have proved themselves to be passing flexible in their determination of individualised space they seem not to have any programmed genetic spatial code. or else, humans personal space is culturally determined and is fixed in childhood, so that enforced changes in personal distance later in life which they experience in different spaces may produce different perceptions and emotions. The Italians and the French prefer ofttimes much(prenominal)(prenom inal) densely packed arrangements in their cafes, compared to the English. Even in the same culture, different sets of rules and factors determining experiences are adopted by men and women. two unacquainted men will maintain a greater distance than two unacquainted women. If an architect or designer violates these unstated rules of personal space and places people in a space that is not catered to these invites, the result may prove to be an environment that is resisted by the users with negative perceptions and responses that follows. philosophical system of Perception Categories of different PerceptionHistorically, the most most-valuable philosophical trouble posed by perception is the question of how we can gain companionship via Perception. The philosophy of perception concerns how mental processes the space and the spatial perception depends on how spaces are observed and interpreted by the perceiver. In order to grasp this, we need to understand the different categories of spatial perception.We can categorize perception into 4 categoriesJust as one object can give rise to multiple percepts, so an object may fail to give rise to any percept at all. If the percept has no innovation in a persons past experience, the person may literally not perceive it. No perception occurs.Specifications are 11 mappings of some aspects of the world into a perceptual array given such a mapping, no enrichment or experience is required and this perception is called direct perception. This is usually experience or information gained through precept or other mediums like books, television programmes etc. Direct perception occurs when information from the environment received by our sense organs forms the basis of perceptual experience and these sensory inputs are converted into perceptions of desks and computers, flowers and buildings, cars and planes etc.Some argue that perceptual processes are not direct, but depend on the perceivers expectations and previous knowled ge as well as the information available. This controversy is discussed with respect to jam J. Gibson (1966) who investigated what information is actually presented to the perceptual systems. This theory of perception is a bottom-up theory and this bottom up processing is also known as data-driven processing or passive perception. Processing is carried out in one direction from the environment to the sensory inputs, with our brains carrying out more complex abstract of the inputs which affects our reaction or behaviour.Passive perception can be surmised as the following sequence of events asSurrounding input (senses) processing (brain) outfit (reaction/behaviour)For Gibson sensation is perception what you see is what you get. However, this theory cannot explain wherefore perceptions are sometimes inaccurate, example in illusions and perceptual errors like overestimation. Although still back up by main stream philosophers and psychologists, this theory is nowadays losing momen tum as more and more people turn to believe in the undermentioned one Active Perception instead.The theory of active perception has emerged from extensive research, most notably the whole shebang of Richard L. Gregory (1970). This theory is increasingly gaining experimental support. Gregory argued that active perception is a constructivist (indirect) theory of perception which is a top-down theory. transgress down processing refers to the use of contextual information in pattern recognition. One simple example to explain this understanding difficult write is easier when reading complete sentences than when reading single and isolated words. This is because the meanings of the surrounding words provide a context to aid understanding. For Gregory, perception involves making inferences about what we see and trying to make a best guess. Prior knowledge and past experience, he argued are crucial in perception. Thus, active perception can be surmised as a dynamic relationship betwee n Description (in the brain) and the senses and the surrounding, all of which holds true to the linear concept of experience. What one perceives is a result of interplays between ones past experiences and knowledge (the brain) and the surrounding, including ones senses and the interpretation of the perceived space (surrounding). A lot of information reaches the eye, but much is lost by the time it reaches the brain. Therefore the brain has to guess what a person sees based on past experiences. According to Richard Gregory, we actively construct our perception of reality. Our perceptions of the world are hypotheses based on our past experiences and stored information.How Spatial Perception reflects beThe different ways in which we experience a painting, a sculpture, or a work of architecture reflects on each of our individual being. Our environments ( built environments ) are a reflection of ourselves. Architecture should express our aspirations and our sense of optimism about the f uture. Nothing can possibly show us better or clearer of our innermost self, BEING, other than the very own living space we create. It shows how we requirement things to be and what we really want in life- freedom, happiness, power, health, luck, love, etc which reveal our characteristics, attitude and most importantly our being. It is also used to express emotions and symbolise ideas that give out certain messages about the owner.What is happening above is actually personalising your own space. This has two meanings to it One is to personalise it and the other is to personify it. The latter is the main pull down in this whole essay, the living space representing the person who created it with a hint of the creators being in every corner of the space. This is why we can relate better to our own houses (personal space) than the outside world. But all in all to personalise the space, you personify it and to personify it, what you are doing is simply personalising that living space o f yours. This is crucial in understanding the spaces created, the reasons for creating these spaces and how others perceive these spaces (personifying it).This same conception is expressed in Greek columns by a s accrue outward curved shape of profile, the entasis which gives an impression of straining muscles a surprising thing to find in a rigid and unresponsive pillar of stone. This is exactly what happens when we are personifying our own personal space. To personify a thing or the entire space so that it overflows with your being, so that it tastes, smells and feels like you, is so amazingly overpowering over a person who owns it personally. None other than the owner can feel the sense of belonging and comfort created in that amount of space. You own that space and it completely belongs to you, you can even see yourself in that space, you are the space and the space is you. Even civilized people more or less consciously treat lifeless things as though they were imbued with lif e.Designing one selfs own space to make sure it is unique and truly belongs to you depends very much on your background, interests and expertise. This will make it special and personalised to the person with regards to his or her living space. But nowadays architecture designs are limit by so call Style and Taste Superficial enhancive Professor Colin Stansfield Smith. This problem shows not only how things should be built but also what should be built. Today, in our highly civilized society the houses which ordinary people are doomed to live in and gaze upon are on the whole without quality. This is also why some important buildings are Monuments some are considered Architecture while others are simply termed buildings.In order to prevent this from happening, we need to have an understanding of the living space. Understanding Living Space does not only mean the way it looks or its construction and materials. Understanding architecture does not mean just the way they look but the creative process of how the building comes into existence and how space is utlized. We need to visit buildings, look at the processes whereby it came into being, the sense of form, space, erupt and shade, the size and shape of spaces, the relationship between spaces and how space is utilised. We are looking at the Interior Beings. You must observe how it was intentional for a special procedure and how it was attuned to the entire concept and rhythm of a specific era.Architecture provides the physical framework for our lives, so it has a public role a kind certificate of indebtedness. But it is also where we live, work and play, so it has a private role. It has a material form, but it also represents our ideals and aspirations. Consciously or unconsciously everyone is modify by his or her environment. He experiences the house in its reality and in its virtuality, by means of thought and dreams.This can be further explained by use an example. When we look at a portrait of some one laughing or smiling we become cheerful ourselves. If on the other hand, the face is tragic, we feel sad. People looking at pictures have a remarkable ability to enter a role which seems very foreign to them. This can be interpreted into how architecture plays a vital role in affecting our mood and behaviour. Buildings have their own characteristics and emotions, some buildings are maidenly and some are masculine, some buildings are joyous and some are solemn. When we enter these emotive spaces, we are tuned in to the frequency of the buildings, going through all the emotional processes with the architecture.We get to the point where we cannot describe our impressions of an object without treating it as a living thing with its own physiognomy. This is exceptionally true with architecture as such animation of a building makes it easier to experience its architecture rather than as the addition of many separate technological details. Instead of using professional jargons (architec tural vocabulary) that most people do not understand or could not fully understand, causing misunderstanding and confusion when perceiving space, using metaphors to convey certain ideas is so much easier and understandable by people from all professions and social levels. That is one of the many reasons why people like to personify spaces literally. Architecture should be appreciated by everyone from everywhere, which is also another crucial criteria for good architecture as it has a social responsibility once it is erected on the ground.Spatial Perception in the context of maneuverWhether architecture makes an impression on the observer and what impression it makes, depends not only on the architecture itself but to great extent on the observers susceptibility, his mentality, his education and his entire environment. It also depends on the mood he is in at the moment he is experiencing the architecture. We all have our preferences and prejudices in architecture as in anything else and our experiences determine our attitude towards it. This can be interpreted in the same way like above. The same painting can affect us very differently at different times and that is why it is always so exciting to return to a piece of art work we have seen before to find out whether we still react to it in the same way. This proves that a single building or a specific space can affect us differently, gives us a different feeling each time we experience it again and again.What do you get when you put Art and Building together? Architecture. What do you get when you put Living Space and Architecture together? Living Sculpture. Architecture has been understood as the art of establishing place by bounding space. To distinguish between arts of space and arts of time, between formative and expressive arts, and consequently also between arts of presence and arts of absence. Painting, sculpture and architecture are included among the former, poetry and music among the latter.The most dominant similarity between art and architecture is Art should not be explained it must be experienced. Architecture is not just simply looking at plans, elevations and sections, there is something more to it it must be experienced, just like art. No photograph, film or video can reproduce the sense of form, space, light and shade, solidity and weight that is gained from visiting buildings. It is not enough to see architecture you must experience it.You must dwell in the rooms, feel how they close about you and observe how you are naturally led from one room to the other.The most dominant difference between art and architecture is An architect works with forms and mass just as the sculptor does, but his is a functional art. It solves practical problems. In other words, the former has a decisive factor to it Utility. Indeed, one of the proofs of / criteria for good architecture is that it is being utilized and perceived as the architect or designer had planned, even after a lon g period of time.We stand before a picture most sculptures invite us to change our position, perhaps even to walk around them architecture not only invites us to change our position, but to enter and move around within it. Generalizing, we can say that embody and body awareness become more important as we turn from painting to sculpture to architecture. Our experience of sculpture involves the body in a more obvious way than does painting most sculpture invites us to explore it by moving past it. Robert Morris celebrates the observers relationship to sculpture his works let observers recognize that they themselves are establishing relationships as they apprehend the object from various positions and under varying conditions of light and spatial context. In a more obvious way, architecture is experienced by the moving body we approach a building, walk by or around it and perhaps enter it. Architecture is the art into which we walk it is the art that envelops us. As noted, painters and sculptors affect our senses and perception by creating changes in patterns, and in proportional relationships between shapes, through the manipulation of light and colour, but only architects shape the space in which we live and through which we move.Architecture Appreciation through PerceptionArchitectural spaces are more than just a stage of our lives they also reflect the society, the image of an era and most importantly the culture. Therefore the spatial experience provided has become an important factor in the communication of the architecture and the perceiver. The virtue of a triple-crown architecture is based on the language of the experience provided rather than the form itself, which mediated between the perceiver and the space. A successful architecture is also capable of transmitting the philosophy and concepts that the space wants to convey and the experience the space provides is vital in terms of introducing the perceiver to the personality of the space. The spat ial experience should be something to be enjoyed and shared by the majority of people. If it is shared more widely because more people understand it, take it seriously chances are the space has being perceived and appreciated by the public and effect its social responsibility.Enjoyment of space and form is a birthright. This enjoyment can be heightened in two basic ways through the paying attention design of buildings and related spaces and through the users development of awareness and perception of architecture. Architecture can be important to the enrichment of life. And after so many historic period, architects and designers are still learning how users interact with space and form and how skilfully designed space and form respond to human needs.Scenario Two men fancy a concert.One studied music. Has a trained ear. Spent years developing a high degree of music appreciation. Loves great works of great composers. This concert is heaven to him. To the other man, the concert is a bore. He has had little exposure to serious music. No real knowledge of music. never learned to listen and does not even know that he has been deprived of the pleasure of fine music. He can hardly wait until the concert is overDuring intermission, the same two people react very differently as they walk around and within the concert building experiencing its space and form.Now the music lover is bored. He knows almost nothing about buildings. He is visually illiterate. The other person, however, has spent years developing an appreciation of buildings. He has a trained eye. He derives pleasure from the quality of space and form of the great hall. He is stirred to maximum enjoyment. To him, architecture is visual music.The term architecture appreciation is used to promote the idea that architecture can be enjoyed, much as the performing or visual arts, physically through the senses. Architecture appreciation, like music appreciation or art appreciation is learned. In music, it is lea rning how to hear. In art, how to see. In the flake of architecture, it is learning how to perceive. Enjoying buildings requires some knowledge and some practice in perceiving space and form. You need to know something about buildings, you need to hone your awareness and you need to know something about yourself too. How do you respond to space and form?Architecture is a personal, enjoyable, necessary experience. A person perceives and appreciates space and form from one-third distinctly different but interrelated attitudes from the physical, from the emotional, and from the intellectual. The architecture experience evokes a response which fulfils physical, emotional, and intellectual needs, effecting an enjoyable interaction between the person and the building.Space perception is happening everywhere, anytime. Wherever people are, there are buildings. Where buildings are, there are spatial experience. Appreciation of the works of creative architects and designers demands creativi ty from our part. Through accumulated experience and knowledge we design our own appreciation and experience. intelligence activity Count 4948

The Great Depression: Causes and Effects

The prominent falloff Causes and EffectsIt has been observed that the modern earthly concern has never experienced an frugal crisis as severe as the spectacular falloff. The term was first coined in the United States to describe the stintingal dud that, by 1931, had shattered the US economy and Ameri flocks faith in the future. europium and the rest of the realism were also badly hit, and while they first called the crisis a slump, in epoch the label vast impression was adopted on both sides of the Atlantic to describe this unprecedented global economic crisis.1The ramifications of the 1890s mental picture were circumscribed by comparison with the salient Depression. In the 1930s, swerve economies were sorely tested and shaken to their foundations. Economic and kindly statistics unequivocally license to the chronic condition of national economies in industrialised nations during the period of 1929-1939.McG everyplacen presents the figures, which qualify 1933 in th e USA.2 The close to serious failure in terms of its gentleman consequences was, of course, unemployment. According to official figures, this peaked in 1933 at 12.8 whiz million million or 25% of the workforce, figures that barely changed in 1934 after one year of the Roosevelt brass section when 11.3 million were gambolless, still n archean 22% of available workers. 11 well(p) advisors to the g all overning body calculated even higher numbers for 1933, with monthly unemployment averaging 13.1 million. touch 1933 was the nadir for the entire 1930s, with 15 million, nearly 30%, out of work. Since dismissed workers usually had families exclusively dep blockadeent on them, between 40 and 50 million Americans were without regular job income during the most severe period of the Depression. just about other large number of workers with dependents, (larger even than the number unemployed), were forced to work with decreased income as part- succession workers.Furtherto a great er extent, the period of 1932-1933 is universally described as a dire state for nations and entities such as USA, Europe and Australia, indeed a period popularly referred to as the nadir of the depression. Regardless of which barometers of economic skill are consulted, there is a prevailing sense of economic and social malaise, throughout the industrialised world, in these particular years.Powell notes3 during the 1930s, the Great Depression was wide blamed on stock market speculation, reckless asserting acts, and a dousing of wealth in too few hands. The fresh Deal laws were drafted harmonizely. sequent investigations, however, have convinced most economists that the Depression had little to do with all of those things. The most influential single work is A Monetary news report of the United States, 1867-1960, published in 1963 by Milton Friedman and Anna Jacobson Schwartz, which documented the catastrophic deuce-ace contraction of the specie deliver between 1929 and 1933 . Princeton University economist Paul Krugman remarks that, Nowadays, often the whole spectrum of economists, from Milton Friedman leftward, agrees that the Great Depression was brought on by a break open of effective demand, and that the Federal Reserve should have fought the slump with large injections of money.Smiley contends that adopting the specious ideal was a primary cause for the depression, inducing differential fan remotee rates among the Allies, which in turn doomed those economies to the self-inflicted injuries of deflation. Fear of inflation at the Fed plus the failure to protect the financial sector did commodious damage.Clavin explains the USAs role in bringing Europe to the brink, in the early 1930s.4 Europe as a whole received some $7.8 billion between 1924 and 1930. But when these American loans dried up, as they did dramatically after 1929, Clavin asserts that problems in European economy resurfaced with a vengeance.Within the USA, up to 1933, according to Reed, 5 employment at the nations factories, mines, and utilities fell by more than half. Peoples real disposable incomes dropped 28 per cent. crease prices collapsed to one-tenth of their pre-crash height. The number of unemployed Americans rose from 1.6 million in 1929 to 12.8 million in 1933. One of every four workers was out of a job at the Depressions nadir, and ugly rumours ofrevolt simmered for the first time since the Civil War.The critical question involves being definitive about the due causes of the severe economic pervasive conditions and their consequent social ramifications globally. It is problematic to fructify causality and which antecedents have the dubious credence of creating the hardness of 1932-1933. A pad of social and economic factors is cited selectively by proponents of polarised political positions. Particular economic paradigms are entertained, so that the mistakes of the Great Depression, as the theorist interprets them may be used as a precedent to lend intellectual yield to a particular draw close to economic theory, providing a correct approach to present day and future economic challenges.In simple terms, 2 broad approaches to economic function, include classical economics, which examines macroeconomic effects of money supply and the supply of favourable which backed many currencies before the Great Depression, including production and consumption. Conversely, structural theories, including those of institutional economics, point to under consumption and over investment (economic bubble), malfeasance by bankers and industrialists or incompetence by government officials.6These twain broad interpretive frameworks, within which the Great Depression is understood, have subdue insight into the genuine causes of the depression as a whole as well as the reasons underpinning the inclemency of 1932-1933 in particular. Entrenched and formulaic economic account statements, are often little more than efforts to politicise t he depression, in monastic order to reinforce the mantra of left or right wing political philosophies. This practice can be well illustrated, through the writings of economists such as Paul Ormerod, chairman of an organisation known as Post-Orthodox Economics.Ormerod contends, that, the left tends to envision the current crisis as a failure of markets. Whether the call is for more or, in Third Way style, better regulation, the argument is the same the unrestricted whole caboodle of markets are causing problems, so governments must step in to examine that they can run them better. But all this misses the most important point. The Great Depression of the 1930s was not primarily a failure of markets entirely a failure of government. The Federal Reserve slashed the money supply at a time when it should have expanded it. This is the lesson to be learnt. eat up fears of inflation. Expand the money supply to cut off the risk of a second great recession. 7Ormerods position finds suppo rt from the Mackinac concentrate for creation Policy Myths of the Great Depression, by free market economist and historiographer Lawrence W. Reed. Reed states in a nonchalant manner that the mythical explanation of the depression is, An important pillar of capitalism, the stock market, crashed and dragged America into depression. President Herbert Hoover, an embolden of hands-off, or laissez-faire, economic policy, refused to use the power of government to intervene in the economy and conditions worsened as a result. It was up to Hoovers successor, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, to ride in on the white horse of government intervention and steer the nation toward recovery.8Unabashed, Reed continues to emphatically advocate governmental office for the onset or deterioration of the Great Depression within USA, and one could safely assume, Reed would apply his free marketeering philosophy, to equally account for the severity of the depression in other democratic nations in the 1930s. Reed asserts 9 in 1929, the wild manipulation of the currency by the Federal Reserve shows that government, far from a disinterested bystander, was the principal culprit of the stock market crash. Furthermore, he attributes blame to politically strategic blunders throughout the 1920s within the USA. The contemporaries of the Great Depression lay in the inflationary monetary policies of the U. S. government in the 1920s. It was prolonged and exacerbated by a litany of political missteps trade-crushing tariffs, incentive-sapping taxes, mind-numbing controls on production and competition, senseless destruction of crops and cattle, and coercive labour laws, to recount just a few. It was not the free market which set upd 12 years of agony rather, it was political bungling on a scale as grand as there ever was.10Within the United Kingdom, renowned writer George Orwell provides a poignant anecdote in his 1936 book Road to Wigan Pier, indicating the severity of the Great Depression for un employed men and women in northern England. some(prenominal) hundred men risk their lives and several hundred women scrabble in the mud for hours searching eagerly for tiny chips of coal in slagheaps so they could heat their homes. For them, this arduously-gained free coal was more important almost than food.11Indeed, according to Rothermund, in Britain, there existed a conflict of interests among three major groups the urban center of London as the centre of world finance, British industry, and labour. The City had reached its endeavor of returning to the gold standard which enabled it to transact international business on the lines of prewar times. The return to the gold standard at the prewar comparison in 1925 had been a mistake, as it forced the City to adopt a deflationary course so as to support the overvalued pound. This affected British industry both with regard to its export position and its access to credit.12 Rothermund again contends, While the deflationary polic y of the Bank of England had already made matters worse, when the bank had to raise its discount rate at a time of impatient American speculation, the tension increased.According to Clavin,13 between 1924 and 1929 over 40 countries returned to gold or joined the system for the first time. This was done in the precept it would stabilise product price and promote international trade. Nonetheless, by the early 1930s many countries began to abandon the gold standard Rothermund notes, Keynes had written to Macdonald in August 1931, advising him that the game was up and that Great Britain should abandon the gold standard and head a new sterling bloc.14The severity of the Great Depression, can also have regard to the societal regression it promoted.15 Export and credit failure, meant nations adopted protectionist mindsets, helping to spawn totalitarian regimes in Europe from the mid(prenominal) 1930s. Claven contends that loss of US credit, determined that countries had to raise interest rates, thus making it more difficult for businesses and farms to borrow money at precisely the time they needed to do so to combat depression. Governments, too, began to feel the squeeze as their levels of revenue from taxes fell dramatically just when they needed to spend more money on unemployment benefit and public work schemes to mop up unemployment and to kick-start recovery. Across Europe, parliaments like Britain and Germany in the summertime of 1931 became deadlocked over the issue of government spending.As confidence dropped, governments, companies and individuals cut back on spending. have for industrial and uncouth products dried up, and this caused prices to travel by still push. By the end of 1930 the price of wheat sold on the Liverpool exchange had fallen by 50 per cent and the price of meat by 40 per cent. frightening to protect their own markets from the threat of cheap foreign imports being dumped on them, levels of trade protection began to rise dramatically . By 1932 France had introduced strict quotas on over 3,000 different products entering France, and German tariffs rose by 50 per cent after 1929. Most startling was Britains retreat into protection in the spill of 1931, ending a commitment to the ethos of Free Trade that had lasted 85 years. The world was now divided into competing economic blocs.Countries which depended heavily on the export of agricultural produce were especially hard hit because agricultural prices fell more dramatically than those of industrial goods. A Polish farmer who paid degree Celsius kg of rye to buy a new plough in 1928, now found that the same plough cost 270 kg.By the summer of 1931, the European economy began to crack under the strain of the continued fall in prices, the lack of demand and spiralling levels of unemployment. Economic, political and financial pressures combined to produce a financial crisis that swept across Europe like a flash flood. In countries, like Austria and Germany, where the banks had a particularly close consanguinity with industry, the collapse of private companies forced banks, too, to shut up shop. With some of Europes most prestigious banking houses facing ruin, the German and Austrian governments were forced to become right off involved in managing the financial system. They also introduced exchange controls to stop the further export of gold or foreign currency from German or Austrian banks to banks in Switzerland or Britain.McGovern contends that the great fear among consumers, induced by the failure of the stock market and over 5,000 commercial banks between 1929 and 1932, prompted cutbacks in their spending. This, in turn, led to contractions in capital goods industries (especially steel and their suppliers), in construction, mining, and conveyinghence, to broad layouts of workers. The downward curve then accelerated, with unemployment leading to further cutbacks in consumption and consequently also production. 16Finally, it is worth point ing out that since the effects of the depression were challenging within some parts of Britain and devastating in others, it is produce that its impact was not uniform, but reactive to particular social, political and economic circumstances. Areas heavily dependent upon the shipping industry, such as Newcastle Upon- Tyne, were decimated by the events. The afterward Jarrow Street March in 1936, saw the frustration spill over into public, unified action, on behalf of ship workers and miners, who marched from the North- East of England to Parliament to lobby for change.BibliographyBooksRothermund, D. The globose Impact of the Great Depression, 1929-1939, London, Routledge, 1996.Claven, P. The Great Depression in Europe, 1929-1939 in history Review, History instantly Ltd 2000McGovern, J. And a Time for Hope Americans in the Great Depression, Praeger, 2000Orwell, G. Road to Wigan Pier, Left Book Club, London, 1937,Smiley, G. Rethinking the Great Depression A New View of its Causes a nd Consequences, Chicago Ivan R. Dee, 2002ArticlesOrmerod, P New Statesman, Vol. 127, October 9, 1998J. Powell, Did the New Deal really Prolong the Great Depression? The American Enterprise, Vol. 13, March 2002Websiteshttp//eldoradogold.net/pdf/October%202005/GreatDepression.pdfMackinac Center for semipublic Policy Myths of the Great Depression. 2000 accessed23 March 2007http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom accessed 23 March 20071Footnotes1 P. Claven, The Great Depression in Europe, 1929-1939 in History Review, History forthwith Ltd 2000, p. 302 Ibid p.43 J. Powell, Did the New Deal Actually Prolong the Great Depression? The American Enterprise, Vol. 13, March 20024 P Claven The Great Depression in Europe, 1929-1939 in History Review, History Today Ltd 2000, p. 315 L.W. Reed. Myths of the Great Depression, at http//eldoradogold.net/pdf/October%202005/GreatDepression.pdf,Mackinac Centre for Public Policy, 20006 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depres sion_in_the_United_Kingdom7 P. Ormerod New Statesman, Vol. 127, October 9, 1998, p.18 L.W. Reed. Myths of the Great Depression, at http//eldoradogold.net/pdf/October%202005/GreatDepression.pdf,Mackinac Centre for Public Policy, 20009 Ibid p.610 Ibid p 1611 G. Orwell, Road to Wigan Pier, 1937, Left Book Club13 P. Claven, The Great Depression in Europe, 1929-1939 in History Review, History Today Ltd 2000, p. 3015 P Claven The Great Depression in Europe, 1929-1939 in History Review, History Today Ltd 2000, p. 3016 J. McGovern, And a Time for Hope Americans in the Great Depression , Praeger, 2000

Should We Continue To Commemorate Wars? :: essays research papers

Should we continue to think back wars? Discuss with reference to specific examples.Throughout the course of this essay I will be discussing whether or not we should continue to commemorate wars, I will be mainly referring to Armistice mean solar day and Remembrance sunlight as my examples because these ar the biggest commemorations for any of the wars in British history.Among all of the ceremonies and silences that lead throughout the year, there is still a tendency for people to inhume what they are commemorating and think ofing. When we commemorate wars, for example on remembrance weekend, we are remembering tens of thousands of people who died defending the country against evil we also remember the people who these people loved and the loss that they encountered.We commemorate Armistice Day because it is 80 years to the day since World War One cease and the two-minute silence is to commemorate this. The silence, says the Royal British Legion, is "to remember the brave work force and women who fought so courageously and with such sacrifice to secure the freedom which you and I enjoy today".On Remembrance Sunday there is other two minutes silence at eleven oclock. The poppies languid and laid are a mark of respect for those who have died in wars everywhere in our name. Also a march past by veterans from wars symbolises the suffering and pain that goes on everywhere today and that is endured by more or less many. Commemoration is a time to reflect on the fact that our constitutional way of feeling is predicated on the sacrifices and courage of those that came before us and fought for our various(prenominal) nations. It takes more courage than most of us can imagine risking ones life for an intangible goal such as victory for a nation. It has long been held that we should honour our past soldiers, to that honour I say that we should add give thanks and deference.I think that commemorations should be an opportunity for all people neverth eless especially the young to thank and be grateful for the service of the forces and civilians during twain the world wars. The sacrifices made and that are still having to be lived with by some should never be forgottenThese commemorations means to me a time when the memories of those soldiers who gave their lives for the causes of peace treaty are appreciated by people who have benefited from this.

Latino Dual Identity Essay -- Hispanic Culture, Identity Essays

Latinos who were brocaded in the united States of America have a dual identity. They were influenced by both their parents ancestry and shade in addition to the American goal in which they live. Growing up in between dickens very different cultures creates a great problem, because they cannot identify completely with either culture and are likewise caught between the Spanish and English languages. Further more(prenominal) they struggle to connect with their grow. The duality in Latino identity and their search for their own personal identity is powerfully represented in their writing. The pursuit is a quote that expresses this idea in the words of Lucha Corpi, a Latina generator We Chicanos are like the abandoned children of divorced cultures. We are forever longing to be loved by an absent neglectful parent - Mexico - and also to be truly accepted by the other parent - the United States. We want bicultural harmony. We need it to survive. We struggle to achieve it. That struggle keeps us living ( Griwold ).Latinos often use Christian and religious imagery in their writing. The potently religious memories and values instilled upon during their upbringing are often also employ to represent innocence and/or their childhood ( Najarro ). Most Latinos who were raised in the United States had parents who ardently clung to the strict religious beliefs carried with them from their mother country. Therefore as Latinos struggle to connect themselves with their culture they find the Catholic faith strongly rooted in their past.Another struggle for identity with Latinos is their struggle with the Spanish and English languages. While some Latinos may speak Spanish in their homes, the language may not be conversationally used in their schools. Some Lat... ...r own personal identity and how others view them. They are caught between to very different cultures and consequently often dont know how to find a way to balance the two. As Latino-Americans move farther away from their roots and struggle to find some common ground between the two cultures the polar duality in their identity will continue to be an extremely common theme in Latino writing.Works Cited Griswold,Lisa. Voices from the Gap. 2002. 16 Sept. 2003 .Najarro.Adela. Angles in the KitchenLatino Poets and the Search for Identity. Adela Najarros Website. 24 Oct. 2002. 16. Sept. 2003Rysavy, Tracy. Secrets of a Poet Spy. Yes. A daybook of Positive Futures. Oct. 1999. 16. Sept. 2003.

Background of the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act Essay -- Food Safe

Background of the FDA viands gumshoe Modernization ActIn the Summer of 2012, more than a half billion ball were recalled in the United States. These salmonella contaminated eggs were responsible for sickening more than 1,000 people across the country (Jalonick, 2010). This bam served as a wake-up call for the need to empower the Food and do drugs Administration (FDA) to carry out stricter regulations on the food and drug industry. referable to the outbreak and need for stricter regulations, The Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) (S. 510 & H.R. 2751) was proposed and write into law by President Obama on January 4th 2011. The Food Safety Modernization Act strives to make sure that the U.S. food supply is uninjured by redirecting the efforts of federal regulators from responding to contamination, to preventing it. There are four main elements of the Act. The initiatory element provides new FDA controls over imported foods and six hundred unusual facility reviews (Lev itt, 2011). The amount of inspections is proposed to double every year for five years. on a lower floor the Food Safety Modernization Act, new fees will be issued to food companies. Food companies will be required to have export certificates. separate fees will be associated with importation of foods (Levitt, 2011). However, the new act will sanction for a fast lane for imports for those companies that subject themselves to more intense inspection and participate in the qualified importer program. Overall, the act will provide the FDA with more enforcement powers (Levitt, 2011). Power will come in the form of increased inspections of two domestic and foreign facilities and mandatory recalls if the FDA suspects a food, drug, or beverage whitethorn be tainted. Lastly, under the new act, ... ...more than half a billion nationwide. Huffington Post. Retrieved from http//www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/21/egg-recall-expands-to-mor_n_690019.html(7)Layton, L. (2010, December 19) . Food-safety measure passes senate in sunday surprise. cap Post. Retrieved from http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/ term/2010/12/19/AR2010121904032.html(8)Layton, L. (2009, July 31). House approves food-safety bill law would expand fdas power. Washington Post. Retrieved from http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/30/AR2009073003271.html?hpid=topnews(9)Levitt, J. (2011, March 21). Fda food safety modernisation act. . Retrieved from http//www.sfa.org/public_documents/Food_Safety_Presentation.pdf(10)Shiner, M. (2010, December 12). Senate oks food safety measure. Politico. Retrieved from http//www.politico.com/news/stories/1210/46598.html

Karl Marx and His Beliefs About Society Essay -- Karl Marx Philosophy

Karl Marx and His Beliefs About Society In the beginning of the 19th nose candy, several aspects of life were coming together for those that lived in Europe, and especially for those that lived in England. The Scientific Revolution had ended in the late seventeenth century consequently, leaving the lingering aspects of science as a proven steering to show that some ideologies of the Catholic Church were incorrect. The discretion of the late ordinal century had caused all of England and Europe to decide where to let their lives lead them in wrong of faith either towards Christianity, or towards Protestantism. The final clock menstruation that had a major impact on the English and European clubhouse was the Industrial Revolution, which introduced new focusings to make life easier in terms of the production of goods, and make life as simple as possible. These third main time periods gave Karl Marx the reason and drive to reform the way that ships company was run, as show n in the words that he wrote in the Communist pronunciamento pertaining to the life of the individual in terms of faith. The society in the time of Marxs writing dealt with many past events in which their faith and tender standing was questioned. The latter part of the Scientific Revolution, around the middle of the seventeenth century, greatly influenced a change in faith with the public as a whole due to the new developments brought about by scientists. Up to that point, the Church, which controlled the thought process of Europe throughout most of the previous centuries, had non ever really been challenged in terms of the theories taught. The Church said that human beings was the center of the universe, whereas philosophers, such as Copernicus and Galileo, proved oth... ... was ready to change the way life was lived. Endnotes1. Paulos Mar Gregorios, A Light Too Bright the Enlightenment Today An Assessment of t he Values of the European Enlightenment and a take care for New Foundations (New York State University of New York Press/ Albany, 1992), 7. 2. Peter Gilmour, Philosophers of the Enlightenment, (Trenton Barnes and Noble, 1990), 133-134. 3. Colin Gunton, Enlightenment and madness An Essay Towards Trinitarian Theology (Grand Rapids William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1985), 125. 4. UD Humanities Document Binder, Manifesto of the Communist companionship (1848), 41, 52. 5. UD, 41,53. 6. Alvin Plantinga, Warranted Christian Belief, (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2000), 141. 7. Plantinga, 367. 8. UD, 41, 52.

equss vs amadeus by peter shaffer Essay -- essays research papers

In both Equus and Amadeus Shaffer shows madness in his characters. He does this not only to stress the characters disembodied spiritings and state of idea of which they are in. Also, he attempts to cast a blanket over the reviewer it gives the reader the feeling that Shaffer designed the characters to express and reflect the beauty in insanity and to convey the ugliness on normality.Madness, if not out justifiedly divine, is at best preferable to the 20th centurys unmerciful and uninspired sanity, is in this turn tail, as it is so much fashionable philosophizing, alone dependent on a pleasant, aesthetically rational form of delirium for the credibility of its argument (Richardson 389). Shaffer brings us into these feelings with the story of Alan Strang, a seventeen-year-old British boy. He has been sent to Rokeby Psychiatric Hospital in southern England to get serve well for the crime of blinding six horses that he worked with.Equus. surgically probes military mans continu ing fascination with violent forms of belief (Gill 387). Shaffer makes this all so obvious to us. Alan is an schizophrenic young man with no justification and dilemma that essential be dealt with. His therapist Dysart sees that this boy is troubled and can be helped, besides fears that there might be something deeper. Dysart recognizes also that the boy he is treating has experienced a passion to a greater extent ferocious that I feed felt in any second of my life (Real389). Clearly he envies this.In turn Dysart fears that the passion of the boy, not because he cant understand it, entirely because he does. The inference is that, once cured, that is, rid or his divine suffering, Alan will become a dullard like closely normal people (Clurman 388). Shaffer is trying to illustrate that normality is not good, but bad and that the only way to be divine is this state of header is to go by Shaffers idea of insane.Shaffer wants us to think in the mindset of the boy and see what he se es. He wants us to feel the insane thoughts of Equus and experience the urge to follow to voice, but we must ask our selves what divine spirit is this we see? There is nothing to it but the pure crazed madness of a boy. After reading the dally you are left feeling sorry for the poor soul because he was never able to fit into society and the normality, but hear he is being forced into it. Shaffer uses the word insane is strong context because as the author he has cont... ...ely worthless, Salieri survives only to see himself become extinct as Mozarts posthumous reputation increases. For thirty-two years Salieri nurses his hate, refusing to be graven images joke and demanding to be remembered, if not in fame, then infamy. Thus, he composes a false apology in which he explains how I rattling murdered Mozartwith arsenicout of envy Then, as the sun rises and the play draws to its conclusion, he cuts his throat with a razor. Again, however, Salieri fails. He does not die his confessio n is found but not believed. It is dismissed as the raving of a madman (Morace 39).Shaffer ends off leaving us with our mouths wide open, craving more of the story like bees after honey, more of the tale told by the insane old man. This story of the insane from the eyes of the insane also makes it seem as if the norm is insanity and we are all but puppets with our string being dangled for us by normality. But positioning such an pick is false. One need not be crazed to live untrammelled by conventional proscriptions. Most of the insane are in every way for more wretched and pitiful than the average man in his quiet despair of humdrum gloom (Clurman 388).

Ironies and Paradoxes :: Literary Writing Essays

Ironies and ParadoxesABSTRACT In modern-day literary culture in that respect is a widespread belief that ironies and paradoxes ar closely akin. This is due to the greatness that is assumption to the use of language in contemporary estimations of literature. Ironies and paradoxes seem to cost the sorts of a linguistic rebellion, innovation, deviation, and play, that have throughout this century become the prevailing criteria of literary value. The association of irony with paradox, and of both with literature, is often ascribed to the New Criticism, and much specifically to Cleanth Brooks. Brooks, however, used the two terms in a appearance that was un naturalized, even eccentric, and that differed significantly from their use in figurative theory. I therefrom examine irony and paradox as verbal figures, noting their characteristic indications and criteria, and, in particular, how they differ from one another (for instance, a paradox means only what it says whereas an iron y does not). I argue that irony and paradox as soundless by Brooks have important affinities with irony and paradox as figures, but that they must be regarded as quite distinct, both in figurative theory and in Brooks extended sense. In contemporary literary culture there is a widespread belief, or feeling, that ironies and paradoxes are closely akin. This is due in part to the huge importance that is given to the use of language in contemporary descriptions and estimations of literature. Ironies and paradoxes seem to reflect and cost the sorts of linguistic rebellion, innovation, deviation, and play, that have throughout this century become the dominant criteria of literary value.The explicit association of irony with paradox, and of both with literature, is often ascribed to the New Criticism, and much specifically to Cleanth Brooks. Brooks, however, used the two terms in a sort that was unconventional, even eccentric. He seemed to think of irony as a commandment of order a nd unity not so much a feature of language or meaning as a sort of viscidness yoking disparate elements together, rather like Aristotles conception of wholeness and integrity in Poetics 8 (Brooks 1951). As for paradox, Brooks seemed to regard it as a lumber in language very like Viktor Shklovskys defamiliarisation that is, a deviation from conventional language designed to wrench our perceptions and our thoughts into unaccustomed, and therefore enlightening, pathways. Paradox, in this view, is a whatchamacallit which compensates for the limitations of conventional language, and is thus the only way in which poets can persuade the unconventional insights that are their stock in trade.

science :: essays research papers fc

I dont have a paper that is why i am here punctuateter. Above all, it means having the freedom to lead or else than being obliged to follow (p.36). In looking at these definitions it shadow be seen that there are many different types of leadership. Several examples faculty be transformational, charismatic, and entrepreneurial leadership. Entrepreneurial leadership is vital to an individual and to a corporations achievement. Entrepreneurial firms are a major citation of innovation and change. They create jobs, new tax revenues, and other transfers of money. At a time when U.S. productivity growth is lagging behind other countries, and when our hulking corporations are laying off workers and focusing on core businesses, entrepreneurial firms assume a more significant role They do what outsized companies are not doing (Miner, 1997, p.54). Definitions of Entrepreneurial Leadership Stevenson, Roberts, & Grousbeck (as cited in Morris, Avilla, & Allen, 1993) Define entrepreneurship as The process of creating value by bring together a erratic package of resources to exploit an hazard (p.56). Furthermore, (Covin & Slevin, 1989 Miles & Arnold, 1991 Miller & Friesen, 1983) also cited (Morris et al., 1993) The process itself consists of the set of activities necessary to identify an opportunity, develop a business concept, and then pull off and harvest the venture. As a process, it has applicability to organizations of all sizes and types. The entrepreneurship construct has tether underlying dimensions innovativeness, or the development of novel or unique products, operate or processes risk-taking, or willingness to pursue opportunities having a reasonable chance of dearly-won failure and proactiveness, or an emphasis on persistence and creativity in overcoming obstacles until the innovative concept is fully implemented (p.596). Entrepreneurial Leadership indoors Management Success for entrepreneurs requires innovation. There are several ways to fall upon t his according to Drucker 1. Entrepreneurial anxiety first requires that the organization be make receptive to innovation and willing to perceive change as an opportunity rather than a threat. It must be organized to do the life-threatening work of the entrepreneur and create the entrepreneurial climate. 2. It secondly requires systematic cadenceor at least systematic appraisalof a federations performance as entrepreneur and innovator, and built-in learning to emend performance. 3. Thirdly, entrepreneurial management requires specific practices with respect to organization structure, staffing, management compensation, incentives, and rewards (p.33). not only is innovation a key factor in the success of entrepreneurial management but, an important issue that needs to be brought to managements attention individualism and collectivism within the corporation.

Liking your job :: essays research papers

Persuasive Essay     How numerous of you think about what you want to be when you grow up? How some(prenominal) see themselves as an upper class citizen in a dyad of years? Are you attracted to a particular career because of the money or the adventure? All of these are questions most of us are be faced with at this point in our lives. We choose to ask ourselves, would we sort of keep a job that we love regardless of the money, or would we or else organize a ton of money but hate what we do?     My future job is going to be something that I love, something with adventure. I lay down been thinking about seemly a FBI agent. Mostly everything I have heard about the FBI has been interesting. Besides the grueling and arduous process of becoming an agent, the idea of knowing things and being involved with things that the normal person doesnt have a clue about. Of course there are the fundamental downfalls, but if I love doing my job I wil l fill with them.      A good example of my theory is my mother, who is a preschool teacher. She doesnt make much money, compared to a doctor or lawyer, but she is very expert with her job. Her students love her, and to most of them she is their guardian. Her students are with her for most of the day. Often times the firm day. She accepts the responsibility of basically raising the kids in her class. Her job can be very rewarding, from seeing a child move on to kindergarten, to inform a kid to tie his or her shoe.     People have to go to work five days a week. For the most part, your job is your life. If you have a job that you dread going to every morning, sooner or later it will catch up with you and force you to make a career change. Although a huge

The Fiscal Rescript Of Umar II :: Islam Religion Essays

The Fiscal Rescript Of Umar IIFrom Umar b. Abd al Azz, dominationant of the Faithful, to the governors Verily perfection move Muhammad with the Guidance and the Religion of Truth that He should make it supreme over every form of religion, rage the associators of gods with immortal as they may. Koran, 934 And verily the religion of God wherewith He sent Muhammad is His Book which He sent d bear upon him, that God should be obeyed in that and that His command should be followed and what He has forbidden be avoided, and that His limits should be upheld and His ordinances observed, that what He has made unlawful should be prohibited, and that His right should be confessed and that men should be ruled by what He has revealed therein. Wherefore whoso follows the guidance of God is command aright, and whoso turns away from it he hath erred from the even way. Koran 2108 And verity of obedience to God, as He has revealed in His Book, is that all men everywhere should be summoned to Isl am and that the adit of emigration should be opened to all the people of Islam, that the alms and fifths should be utilize according to the revisal of God and His ordinances, and that men should seek their livelihood with their own possessions on land and sea, being neither hindered nor withheld. As for Islam, verily God sent Muhammad to all men everywhere, as He hath said And we shake not sent thee save universally to men as a messenger of good tidings and of warning. Koran 3428 And He hath said O ye people, verily I am the Messenger of God to you all. Koran 7157 And God, raise and exalted is He, hath said in that wherewith He commands the Believers in regard to the associators thus if they repent and observe the prayers and pay the zakt, they are your brethren in the Faith. Koran 911 This is His decree and law to follow it is obedience to God, to depart from it is rebellion. Wherefore summon to Islam and command thereto, for God hath said And who is better of speech that he who summons to God, and doeth good, and saith,I am indeed one of the Muslims. Koran 4132 Wherefore, whosoever accepts Islam, whether Christian or Jew or Magian, of those who are

Mark Twain Samuel Clemens or None of the Above Essay example -- Essays

fair game Twain Samuel Clemens or None of the preceding(prenominal) gelt Twain was one of the most popular and well-known authors of the 1800s. He is recognized for organism a humorist. He used humor or social satire in his best works. His writing is known for realism of place and language, memorable characters, and hatred of hypocrisy and oppression (Mark Twain 1). Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens on November 30, 1835. He was born on the minute frontier in a small log village called Florida. His parents had bonk to Florida from their former home in Tennessee (Unger 192). When Clemens was four, he moved with his family to Hannibal, Missouri, a mien on the Mississippi River (Mark Twain 1). His father, who had studied law in Kentucky, was a local magistrate and small merchant (Unger 193). When Samuel was twelve, his father died. He was then bound to two local printers (Unger 193). When he was sixteen, Clemens began setting type for the local newspaper publisher Hannibal Journal, which his older brother Orion managed (Mark Twain 1). In 1853, when Samuel was eighteen, he left field Hannibal for St. Louis (Unger 194). There he became a steam boat pilot on the Mississippi River. Clemens piloted steamboats until the Civil War in 1861. Then he served briefly with the Confederate army (Mark Twain 1). In 1862 Clemens became a reporter on the Territorial Enterprise in Virginia City, Nevada. In 1863 he began signing his articles with the nom de guerre Mark Twain, a Mississippi River phrase meaning two fathoms rich (Bloom 43). In 1865, Twain reworked a tale he had heard in the California gold fields, and within months the author and the story, The Celebrated Jumping frog of Calaveras County, had become national sensations (Bloom 47). In 1867 Twain lectured in new(a) York City, and in the same year he visited Europe and Palestine. He wrote of these travels in The Innocents Abroad. This sustain exaggerated those aspects of European culture that impress American tourists (Bain, Flora, and Rubin 103). Many form of address that The Innocents Abroad is Mark Twains second-best book (Unger 198). In 1870 he married Olivia Langdon. After living briefly in Buffalo, New York, the couple moved to Hartford, Connecticut (Bain, Flora, and Rubin 104). Much of Mark Twains best work was written in the 1870s and 1880s in H... ...e also came to be known for the white linen suit that he always wore when making public appearances (Unger 204). Twain received an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford in 1907. He died in 1910, at the age of 75. When Twain died, he left an uncompleted autobiography, which was eventually edited by his secretary, Albert Bigelow Paine, and published in 1924 (Mark Twain 2). Mark Twain is chill out credited as being a major influence by most writers today. His work is still popular and will live on for many years.Works CitedBain, F lora, and Rubin. Confederate Writers A Biographical Dictionary. Baton Rouge Louisiana State University Press, 1979.Bloom, Harold. Mark Twain. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1986.Kunitz, Stanley J., and Haycraft, Howard. American Authors 1600-1900A Biographical Dictionary of American Literature. New York H.W. Wilson Company, 1938.Marshall, Sara. America In Literature The South. New York Charles Scribners watchwords, 1979.Twain, Mark. Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia. Microsoft Corporation.Unger, Leonard. American Writers IV A Collection of literary Biographies. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1974.

Media Violence :: Media Television Violent Essays

The media is almost everywhere in our day to day lives. From television to movies, to videogames, it is a very massive source of entertainment in our culture and then has a vast impact on our lives. With the deep impact that the media has on us the content of them are very important as well. When abhorrent violence is depicted on television and our separate forms of entertainment it provide be seen by many, including our children. The effects I speak of are vast, numerous, and in addition much to be ignored. But are these effects enough for us to realize liberate of this genre of entertainment all together but to protect our children? This type of entertainment does tend to sell very, very well, and is a large part of many entertainment companies revenue. To simply get rid of them will hurt the entertainment business to a very large degree, possibly destroying some companies with the current economy being what it is. In this protracted argument paper I will disc uss the general point of how big of a part the media plays in our day to day life, and the fix it has on our personalities. I will then proceed to narrow the head of media down to when violence is depicted, and the negative effects that its viewing has on us. I will narrow even farther and describe the influence portrayed by from the youth of our country. I will then go into prescience on media rating systems that are in place to prevent those also young to few it, from viewing it. I will discuss the other things in place to prevent children from viewing violence in the media, including the advances responsibilities. I will go over the argument of wherefore violence in the media should be stopped, and then why it should be kept. I will then bring both arguments together to attempt to go along a solution to the problem of violence in the media. Although violence in these medians are not made for childrens viewing, they do see them and clog them in one way or another, but is that enough to get rid of violence in the media all together. The media plays a very large part in our lives.

Collection of Poems by Various Authors Essay -- Edgar Allen Poe Langst

Collection of Poems by Various AuthorsPoet Biography, Edgar Allan PoeThe Raven by Edgar Allan PoeMamie by Carl SandburgExplication, Mamie by Carl SandburgTwo Strangers Breakfast by Carl SandburgMag by Carl SandburgExplications of Two Strangers Breakfast and Mag by Carl SandburgReasons why by Langston HughesExplication of Reasons Why by Langston HughesThe Faces of Our Youth by Franklin Delano RooseveltEnjoyment, Explication, The Faces of Our Youth by Franklin Delano RooseveltAnnabel Lee by Edgar Allan PoeExplication Annabel Lee by Edgar Allan Poe Works CitedPoet BiographyEdgar Allan PoeEdgar Allan Poe is wizard of the best-known American poets. His most famous poem is The Raven, a copy of which is included. His first meter book, Tamerlane and Other Poems is so rargon that it sells for two hundred thousand dollars per copy. Poe was similarly a mystery writer and he is often called the father of mysteries. Overall, Poe has greatly influenced American culture. Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809, in Boston, Massachusetts. His mother, an actress named Elizabeth Arnold Poe, died in 1811 when Edgar Allan Poe was two. Because of this, he was locate up for adoption. He was taken into the home of John Allan, who was a tobacco merchant.Poe attended grade school in England and Richmond, Virginia. He attended the University of Virginia for one year. He had to leave because his stepfather refused to pay tuition. Poes stepfather did, however, send Poe a niggling but of money every month. With that money, Poe was able to live comfortably and unperturbed have time for his writing. In 1832, after publishing three verse line books, the Philadelphia Saturday Courier printed five of his prose tales. On May 16, 1836, Poe married his younger cousin, Virginia Clemm. On January 30, 1847, she died. This death caused Poe much sorrow and he became an alcoholic. About three concisely years later, Poe was found dead on October 7, 1849. The conditions of his death are myster ious. by and by a visit to Norfolk, Virginia, and Richmond, Virginia, Poe was found unconscious and taken to a hospital, where he dies the following Sunday. Poe is buried in the Westminister Presbyterian Church in Baltimore, Maryland.The RavenBy Edgar Allan PoeOnce upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,Over many a q... ...s lover is dead, he still loves her and will never watch loving her. I think that this is saying that two people who are truly in love cannot ever fall out of love. level off death cannot make their love go away. To me, this poem is an example of what everyone wants someday, neat love. This poem has been my favorite poem ever since I first assume it. I like how when you read it aloud it has a great cycle to it and sounds very sing-songy. I believe that this is a wonderful poem with a meaningful message and I hope that one day I can experience this type of love for someone. Works CitedCanfield, Jack, and Mark master Hansen, and Kimber ly Kirberger, eds. Chicken Soup for the Teenage Soul III. Deerfield Beach, Florida Health Communications, Inc., 2000.Haskins, James S. forever and a day Movin On. New York Franklin Watts, 1976.Hendrick, George, and Hendrick, Willene, eds. Carl Sandburg, Selected Poems. New York Harcourt Brace and Company, 1996.Washington, Peter, eds. Poe Poems and Prose. New York Everymans Library paper bag Poets, 1995.Wilson, James Southwall. A Summary of Facts Known About Poe. Edgar Allan Poe Museum 30 Movember 2000, .