Anatomy and Physiology of Body Systems

Intermediate Apprenticeship in Health (Emergency C ar supporter) Edexcel L2 Diploma in Emergency Cargon Assistance (QCF) Unit 11 Anatomy and Physiology of Body Systems A/602/5038 Candidate address _Ashley Orwin____________________ Candidate Employer ___________________ Unit Overview This building block lay off give learners a fundamental beneathstanding of how the psycheify is organised from prison cells up to constitutions. Learners will to a fault strain an understanding of the comp unmatchednts and proceeds of the chief(prenominal) arrangements of the proboscis, star to further understanding of how illness or brand affects the normal lams of an organ or trunk. How you will be assessed for unit 12This unit consists of one knowledge forth set about which will be assessed via a workbook. Out keep abreasts Assessment Criteria 1. discern how be Systems be organised noesis Workbook 1. 1 Label the bodily mental synthesis of a typical cell1. 2 digest the i nterpretation of wander1. 3 precis the interpretation of an organ1. 4 draft the definition of a leap g all overning dead re principal(prenominal)s1. 5 Define directional terms apply in euphony1. 6 Label major variety meat wrong the bole cavities 2. Know the Functions of the Respiratory System Knowledge Workbook 2. 1 disclose the intimacy of the respiratory organization2. 2 Label the components of the respiratory tract2. draw the structure of the lungs2. 4 digest the extremity of respiration2. 5 Desc make fune the sign counseling of asthma attack 3. Know the serve up of the Cardiovascular System Knowledge Workbook 3. 1 depict the role of thecardiovascular schema3. 2 Label the structure of the warmness3. 3 State the electrical conduction dodge of the purport3. 4 Describe the purpose of respective(a)types of rip vessels3. 5Describe the properties of snag 4. Know how the tense dodging supports hammer bureaus Knowledge Workbook 4. 1 outline the rol e of the vile trunk4. 2 Identify the components of ac stackinglyervous system 5.Know how the otiose system manipulations Knowledge Workbook 5. 1 blueprint the role of the skeletalsystem5. 2 Label the mug up of the picture5. 3 Describe the contrasting types of skeletal joints5. 4 Outline the coitionship in the midst of the muscular system and theskeleton In order to hold up this unit you must complete this workbook to a satisfactory standard. Should you have all difficulties with this workbook your clinical tutors will be adroit to support you 1. Know how the corpse systems argon organised. 1. 1 Label the structure of a typical cell Using the next draw trail the key component of the cell.Nucleolus Nucleolus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Nucleus Centriole Centriole Cytoplasm Cytoplasm prison cell membrane Cell membrane Mitochondria Mitochondria Rough endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi mazy Golgi complex 2. 2 Outline the definition of a weave You admit to chance upon the following types of tissue in your answer, epithelial, connective, nervous and go across specifying how muscle is hoagie convert integrityd into two voluntary and involuntary giving becharm warnings. A collection of similar cells and the intercellular substances surrounding them.There argon iv staple kinds of tissue in the body epithelium, connective tissues including adipose tissue, telephone circuit, bone, and cartilage, muscle tissue and nerve tissue. Epithelial Covers the whole surface of the body. It is made up of cells well packed and ranged in one or more layers. This tissue is specialise to form the covering or line of all versed or foreign body surfaces. connector Connective tissue serves a connecting function it supports and binds early(a) tissue. Nervous nervous tissue is responsible for sensing stimuli and transmitting signals to and from contrasting discontinues of an organism.Neuron s atomic number 18 the basic unit of nervous tissue. vigor tissue has ability to relax and contrast and so brings ab kayoed exploit and mechanical work in various piece of musics of the body. (Skeletal, smooth and cardiac) 1. 3 Outline the definition of an organ. An organ is a spell of specialised tissues and cells that be formed together to form an organ which has a particularized function inside the body. E. g. the nerve centre, call for offering fall virtually the body. An organ is a offspring of specialised tissues and cells that argon formed together to form an organ which has a specific function deep down the body.E. g. the rawness, use for sprouting line of c flushedit more or slight the body. You select to con aspectr the following in your answer, to wit how specialized tissues have two specialist functions or form a particular structure much(prenominal) as the heart or lungs. 1. 4 Outline the definition of a body system. The body has some(prenomina l) disparate organs all with their possess specific reflects and ar made up of different parts for example the respiratory system has the nose, windpipe, diaphragm, bronchus, bronchioles, lungs and mouth which be all use to breath.A calve of organs working together to perform a particular function The body has mevery different organs all with their own specific jobs and be made up of different parts for example the respiratory system has the nose, trachea, diaphragm, bronchus, bronchioles, lungs and mouth which argon all use to breath. A sort out of organs working together to perform a particular function You request to include in your answer that the body is comprised of a number of systems that contain specific organs that have specialized functions, for example the lungs in the respiratory system. . 5 Define Directional terms used in medicine Your answer must provide a cook definition of the following terms and how these argon utilised to describe the merciful body a nd positioning of both injuries and/or organs. 1. Superior &8212 Toward or at the speeding part of the structure 2. indifferent Toward or at the sink part of the structure 3. Lateral Away from the midline of the body / on the outer(prenominal) side 4. Medial Toward or at the midline of the body / on the inner side 5. Posterior Toward top down of the body 6. Anterior Toward or at the front of the body . Proximal Closer to the plosive of hamper of a limb to the body trunk 8. Distal gain from the occlusion of attachment of limb 9. External Structure closer to internal organs 10. privileged structure further from the internal organs 11. Superior &8212 Toward or at the upper part of the structure 12. Inferior Toward or at the unhorse part of the structure 13. Lateral Away from the midline of the body / on the outer side 14. Medial Toward or at the midline of the body / on the inner side 15. Posterior Toward back of the body 16.Anterior Toward or at the front of th e body 17. Proximal Closer to the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk 18. Distal Further from the point of attachment of limb 19. External Structure closer to internal organs 20. Internal structure further from the internal organs 1. 6 Label major organs inside body cavities Complete the diagram efflorescely punctuateling the organs and major structures. Aorta Aorta Tarynx Tarynx Trachea Trachea face Heart Superior vena cava Superior vena cava Oesophagus Oesophagus Lung Lung midsection period Aorta AortaLiver Liver Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava irascibility Spleen Gall bladder Gall bladder turn out Stomach Pancreas Pancreas Kidney Kidney Ureter Ureter Small intestine Small intestine Appendix Appendix thumping intestine Large intestine Bladder Bladder Rectum Rectum Urethra Urethra Student notes and subsidiary Work palls. Directional Medical Terms As an Ambulance Care partner you should be able to use directional medical terms. The first definitive t hing in learning about mannikin and physiology is to know the anatomic position and body landmarks.To accurately describe body parts and position, initial reference point and directional terms should be used in a medical setting. The correct anatomical position is standing up (erect) with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing onward from the body. To precisely point out the chief complaint of a patient, the ECA or Paramedic uses anatomical terms representing a certain body part. For example, a patient walks in the emergency room with a laceration on the hind(prenominal) component of the left lower microscope stage.To clearly state the area of s buttocksdalize the Paramedic uses the term sural which means the posterior surface of the lower leg rather than writing back area of the lower leg. learned these terms not only give the ECA or Paramedic a more accurate formulation of chief complaints exactly it exc essively saves condemnation of a good deal of explanation. To clearly explain exactly the relation of a body structure to each other, directional terms are used. For example to describe the relationship or location of the heart to the arms, we post say the heart is located in between the arms.Using anatomical terminology, this is expressed as the heart is medial to the arms. Hence, it is a more clear and precise statement Common Anatomical Terms (for reference purposes only) abdominal muscle ACROMIAL antecubital AXILLARY BRACHIAL BUCCAL CARPAL CERVICAL COXAL crural digital FEMORAL FIBULAR INGUINAL NASAL ORAL ORBITAL patellar pelvic STERNAL PUBIC TARSAL THORACIC UMBILLICAL CALCANEAL cephalic musculus deltoideus FEMORAL GLUTEAL LUMBAR OCCIPITAL OLECRANAL POPLITEAL SCAPUALR SURAL vertebral plantar Common Anatomical Terms (for reference purposes only) ABDOMINAL ACROMIAL ANTECUBITAL AXILLARY BRACHIAL BUCCAL CARPAL CERVICAL COXAL CRURAL DIGITAL FEMORAL FIBULAR INGUINAL NASAL ORAL ORBITAL PATELLAR PELVIC STERNAL PUBIC TARSAL THORACIC UMBILLICAL CALCANEAL CEPHALIC DELTOID FEMORAL GLUTEAL LUMBAR OCCIPITAL OLECRANAL POPLITEAL SCAPUALR SURAL VERTEBRAL PLANTAR The terms viridityly used in practice are superior, inferior, lateral, medial, posterior, anterior, sural, proximal, distal, external and internal.Using these terminologies show on the diagram infra and identify the position of the directional medical terms. These terms will commonly be used in practice not only to describe injuries scarce to provide an appropriate handover to other healthcare professionals. Supplementary Reading The Tissues Tissue is a classify of cells that have a similar formula and function. Different types of tissues lowlife be establish in different organs. In humankinds, there are quaternion basic types of tissue epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. There whitethorn be various sub-tissues within each of the primary tissues.Epithelial tissue covers the body surface and forms the lining for just about internal cavities. The major function of epithelial tissue includes protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration. The scratch is an organ made up of epithelial tissue which protects the body from dirt, dust, bacterium and other microbes that whitethorn be harmful. Cells of the epithelial tissue have different shapes as shown on the students worksheet. Cells cornerstone be thin, flat to cubic to elongated. Connective tissue is the most abundant and the most widely distributed of the tissues.Connective tissues perform a variety of functions including support and protection. The following tissues are found in the human body, ordinary loose connective tissue, fat tissue, dense th directy tissue, cartilage, bone, line of credit, and lymph, which are all subscribeed connective tissue. There are three types of muscle tissue skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is a voluntary type of muscle tissue that is used in the contrac tion of skeletal parts. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of internal organs and pedigree vessels. It is an involuntary type.The cardiac muscle is found only in the walls of the heart and is involuntary in nature. buttock tissue is composed of specialized cells which not only hold stimuli but also conduct impulses to and from all parts of the body. Nerve cells or neurons are long and string-like. In tissues the simplest combination is called a membrane, or a sheet of tissues which cover or line the body surface or divide organs into parts. Examples include the mucous membrane which lines body cavities. Tissues combine to form organs. An organ is a part of the body which performs a definite function.The last units of organization in the body are called systems. A system is a group of organs each of which contributes its share to the function of the body as a whole 2. Know how the respiratory system functions 2. 1 Describe the function of the respiratory system. You need to reg ard the following topics in your answer, namely the extraction of atomic number 8 from the atmosphere and the excretion of light speed dioxide. You also need to describe how the respiratory system of importtains the acid sales booth balance of the blood and how lungs are ventilated i. e. he process by which denude enters the lungs. It whitethorn be useful to read the following text, Section 8- The Respiratory system, Ambulance good Basic Training Manual. Nancy Caroline (2007) Emergency Care in the Streets, chapters 11. 3-11. 16 inclusive Watch the following presentation before attempting this question, http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000018. htm The respiratory system, in close company with the circulation system is responsible for supplying body cells with all-important(a) group O and removing potentially harmful carbon dioxide from the body.The mouth and nose railway line railway line from outside the body by dint of a system of tubes of decreas e size of it that last reach the two lungs on either side of the heart within the chest endocarp. The respiratory system, in close conjunction with the circulation system is responsible for supplying body cells with essential atomic number 8 and removing potentially harmful carbon dioxide from the body. The mouth and nose channel commit from outside the body through a system of tubes of diminishing size that eventually reach the two lungs on either side of the heart within the chest cavity. 2. 2 Label the components of the respiratory tract.Complete the diagram infra. Diaphragm Diaphragm Right lung Right lung Trachea Trachea Alveolus Alveolus bronchial tube Bronchus Mouth Mouth Bronchioles Bronchioles Nasal cavity Nasal cavity 2. 3 Describe the structure of the lungs You need to consider the following in our answer, namely the structure of the lungs, there position within the thoracic cavity, the shape and membranes that cover them. If needed you can utilise a diagram to ad vance your explanation. The two sponges- like lungs fill most of the chest cavity and are protected by the flexible ribcage. unneurotic they form one of the body heroicst organs.Their essential function is gas qualify taking live atomic number 8 from the air and expelling crazy carbon dioxide to the air. parentage enters the lungs from the trachea, which branches at its base into main airline businesss, the primary bronchi. Each primary bronchus enters its lungs at a site called the hilum, which is also where the main blood vessels pass in and out of the lungs. The primary bronchus divides into secondary bronchi, all the prison term decreasing in diameter. Many subsequent divisions from the narrowest airways the terminal and then respiratory bronchioles, which distribute air to the alveoli.This intricate network of air passages resembles an inverted tree, with the trachea as the trunk, and is cognize as the bronchial tree. They are corresponding trees from the pneumonic a rteries and arterioles bringing low- atomic number 8 blood from the hearts right side and pulmonic venules and venous blood vessels, travel high type O blood to the heart left side. The two sponges- like lungs fill most of the chest cavity and are protected by the flexible ribcage. Together they form one of the body largest organs. Their essential function is gas exchange taking vital oxygen from the air and expelling waste carbon dioxide to the air.Air enters the lungs from the trachea, which branches at its base into main airways, the primary bronchi. Each primary bronchus enters its lungs at a site called the hilum, which is also where the main blood vessels pass in and out of the lungs. The primary bronchus divides into secondary bronchi, all the time decreasing in diameter. Many subsequent divisions from the narrowest airways the terminal and then respiratory bronchioles, which distribute air to the alveoli. This intricate network of air passages resembles an inverted tree, with the trachea as the trunk, and is cognise as the bronchial tree.They are corresponding trees from the pulmonary arteries and arterioles bringing low-oxygen blood from the hearts right side and pulmonary venules and veins, throwing high oxygen blood to the heart left side. 2. 4 Outline the process of respiration Your answer needs to include the process of both internal and external respiration and diffusion of gases through a semitrailer permeable membrane. You do not need to consider partial pressures and diffusion gradients in order to answer this question. ECTIS (2007) chapter 11. 12 provides a valuable acumen into the mechanics of respiration.External excitement is the process of extracting air particles from the atmosphere so that lungs and the main organs are the body expel carbon dioxide, a by produce which is re die hardd(p) by the lungs. Internal inspiration is where the blood and cells verbalize oxygen around the body to different organs. carbonic acid gas the waste product is absorbed through the blood and sent back to the lungs and expired back into the atmosphere. Reference Ambulance portion basic training manual 2003 (updated January 2010) External inspiration is the process of extracting air particles from the atmosphere so that lungs and the main organs are the body expel carbon ioxide, a by product which is removed by the lungs. Internal inspiration is where the blood and cells involve oxygen around the body to different organs. CO2 the waste product is absorbed through the blood and sent back to the lungs and expired back into the atmosphere. Reference Ambulance service basic training manual 2003 (updated January 2010) 2. 5 Describe the initial management of asthma Your answer needs to focus on authentic trounce practice clinical guidelines JRCALC 2006, Nice. As an ECA you are not permitted to make do any medication much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as adrenaline, Salbutalmol or Ipatropium Bromide only Oxygen ther apy.Consider management of a simple exacerbation and also life imminent asthma. Ensure you structure your answer in the D,R,C,A,B,C,D,E format. 1. Check for dangers that could injure you or the causalities and multitude around you. 2. Check response levers by speaking to the mortal and tapping their shoulder if they are unconscious 3. Ring 999 for support 4. Check that causalities airway is clear and look for obstructions. Check the spo2 levels using a pulse oximeter , checking oxygen sats are 94% or above.If they are downstairs you will need to administer oxygen at 15lpm via an adult non re breather until rest make out ready to administer salbutamol via a nebuliser mask at 8lpm until they emblem bury or transported to hospital for discussion. 5. Check for dangers that could injure you or the causalities and batch around you. 6. Check response levers by speaking to the person and tapping their shoulder if they are unconscious 7. Ring 999 for support 8. Check that causali ties airway is clear and look for obstructions. Check the spo2 levels using a pulse oximeter , checking oxygen sats are 94% or above.If they are below you will need to administer oxygen at 15lpm via an adult non re breather until backup arrive ready to administer salbutamol via a nebuliser mask at 8lpm until they symptom subside or transported to hospital for treatment. Supplementary Worksheets and Reading Introduction Primary function of respiratory system is transport of O2 and CO2. This requires the four processes collectively known as respiration Fill out the blanks pneumonic ventilation is the case of oxygen Into and out of the lungs ( alive). This involves gas pressures and muscle contractions. 1.External cellular respiration is the exchange of O2 (loading) and CO2 2. (Unloading) between blood and alveoli (air sacs). 3. Transport of respiratory gases between blood and tissues. 4. Internal Respirationis gas exchange between blood and tissue cells. The respiratory system is s ituated in the thorax, and is responsible for gaseous exchange between the circulative system and the outside world. Air is taken in via the upper airways (the nasal consonant cavity, pharynx and larynx) through the lower airways (trachea, primary bronchi and bronchial tree) and into the low bronchioles and alveoli within the lung tissue.The lungs are divided into lobes the left lung is composed of the upper lobe, the lower lobe and the lingula (a small remnant next to the apex of the heart), the right lung is composed of the upper, the middle and the lower lobes. To take a breath in, the external intercostal muscles contract, moving the ribcage up and out. The diaphragm moves down at the same time, creating negative pressure within the thorax. The lungs are held to the thoracic wall by the pleural membranes, and so elaborate outwards as well. This creates negative pressure within the lungs, and so air rushes in through the upper and lower airways.Expiration is mainly due to the essential elasticity of the lungs, which tend to collapse if they are not held against the thoracic wall. This is the mechanism behind lung collapse if there is air in the pleural quadruplet (pneumothorax) Each branch of the bronchial tree eventually sub-divides to form rattling narrow terminal bronchioles, which terminate in the alveoli. There are many millions of alveloi in each lung, and these are the areas responsible for gaseous exchange, presenting a vast surface area for exchange to occur over.Each alveolus is very virtually associated with a network of capillaries containing deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary arteria. The capillary and alveolar walls are very thin, c at a timedeing rapid exchange of gases by passive diffusion along concentration gradients. CO2 moves into the alveolus as the concentration is much lower in the alveolus than in the blood, and O2 moves out of the alveolus as the dogging flow of blood through the capillaries prevents saturation of t he blood with O2 and allows maximal delight across the membrane. The Earths atmosphere is made up of only five gases nitrogen, oxygen, pee vapour, argon, and carbon dioxide.Several other compounds also are present. Complete the table below which details the composition of inspired air. Percentage Present Inspired Air 100% Oxygen 20% Nitrogen 79% Carbon Dioxide 0. 04% irrigate Vapour variable% Inert Gases 0. 15% Complete the table below providing a truncated description of each structure. Structure description snoot The nose is mainly made up of cartilage study and fibrous tissues. Pharynx Pharynx is a cone shaped passageway leading from the oral and nasal cavities in the head to the oesophagus and larynx. Larynx Is part of the respiratory system and is located between the pharynx and the trachea. We use it to chatter and swallow. Trachea Trachea is a tube like a portion respiratory tract that connects the larynx with the bronchus and bronchioles lungs. This is also known as the windpipe. Bronchi Bronchi are the main part of the lung that goes through to the bronchioles. Bronchioles The tiny branch of air tubes within the lungs that are a continuation of bronchus. They join the bronchi to the alveoli Lungs Lungs are affect with inspiration of oxygen and expiration of CO2, which is a part of breathing. Alveoli Part within the lungs where gas and blood exchange occurs. Tiny air sacs with a large surface area and surrounded by dense network of capillaries Pleura silver-tongued that lubricates the lungs and keeps them working correctly. Offer some protection against impact The rate of breathing differs significantly when presented with a variety of illnesses and/or trauma. To adequately assess a patients respiratory function you must be able to recognise whether a patients respiration rate is bradypnoeic, tachypnoeic or within normal parameters.Complete the table below to debate this. Respiratory Rates Bradypneoic Normal Tachypnoeic Ne onate <24 30 40 >40 Child <10 25 30 >30 Adult <9 12 20 >30 asthma attack Signs, Symptoms and Management. Asthma is a condition that affects the airways the small tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs. When a person with asthma comes into contact with something that irritates their airways (an asthma installation), the muscles round the walls of the airways fix so that the airways become narrower and the lining of the airways becomes inflamed and starts to swell. Sometimes, sticky mucus or phlegm builds up, which can further narrow the airways. These reactions attain the airways to become narrower and riled making it difficult to breath and leading to symptoms of asthma. Asthma is a long-term conditionthat can cause a cough, wheeze and breathlessness. The severity of the symptoms varies from person to person. Asthma can be manoeuverled well in most people most of the time. In the UK, 5. million people are currently receiving treatment for asthma. Thati s1 in all(prenominal) 12 adults and 1 in every 11 children. Asthma in adults is more common in women than men. If you are diagnosed with asthma as a child, thesymptoms may disappear during your teenage years. However, asthma can fork out in adulthood. If childhood symptoms of asthma are tone down to sedate, it is more likely that the condition will persist or return later in life. However, asthma does not only start inyoung people and can develop at any age. The cause of asthma is not affluenty understood, but it is known that asthma very much runs in families.You are more likely to have asthma if one or both of your parentshas the condition. What is asthma? Asthma is caused by punk of the airways. These arethe small tubes, called bronchi,which carry air in and out of the lungs. If you have asthma, the bronchiwill beinflamed andmore sensitive than normal. When you come into contact with something that irritates your lungs, known as a trigger, your airways become narrow, the m uscles around them tighten and there is an profit in the production of sticky mucus (phlegm). This makes it difficult to breathe and causes wheezing and coughing.Itmay alsomake your chest feel tight. A severe onset of symptoms is known as an asthma attack or an cracking asthma exacerbation. Asthma attacks may require hospital treatment and can sometimes be life-threatening, although this is rare. For some people with chronic (long-lasting) asthma, long-term inflammation of the airways may lead to more permanent narrowing. Common triggers A trigger isanything that irritates the airways and brings on the symptoms of asthma. These differ from person to person and people with asthma may have several triggers.Common triggers include house dust mites, animal fur, pollen, tobacco smoke, exercise, cold air and chest infections. Other types of asthma There areother types of asthma that can be made worse by certain activities * Work-aggravated asthma is pre-existing asthma that is made wors e by dust and fumes at work. * Occupational asthma is caused by mental picture to specific substances at work. For example, some nurses develop occupational asthma afterward exposure to latex, and some workers in the food-processing industry develop occupational asthma as a response of exposure to flour. OutlookWhile there is no recover for asthma, symptoms can come and go throughout your life. A number of treatments can help simpleness the condition very effectively. Treatment is based on two important goals * relief of symptoms * preventing future symptoms and attacks from developing Successful bar can be achieved through a combination of medicines, lifestyle advice and identifying and then avoiding potential asthma triggers Know how the cardiovascular system functions. 3. 1 Outline the role of the cardiovascular system. You need to provide a summary of the cardiovascular system its organs and their function.Watch the presentation to enable you to answer this question correct ly. http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000023. htm The functions of the cardiovascular system are to transport nutrient, oxygen, water and remove waste products from the cardiovascular system. The other function is to pump oxygenated blood around the body. 1. Deoxygenated blood enters the heart in full of CO2. 2. It gets pushed through the heart through electrical impulses into the lungs. 3. It gets rid of CO2 and replaces oxygen. 4. breed flows around the body giving vital organs oxygen and taken away waste products. 5.Deoxygenated blood goes back into the heart. The functions of the cardiovascular system are to transport nutrient, oxygen, water and remove waste products from the cardiovascular system. The other function is to pump oxygenated blood around the body. 6. Deoxygenated blood enters the heart full of CO2. 7. It gets pushed through the heart through electrical impulses into the lungs. 8. It gets rid of CO2 and replaces oxygen. 9. rake flows around the body giving vital organs oxygen and taken away waste products. 10. Deoxygenated blood goes back into the heart. 3. 2 Label the structure of the heart Complete both diagrams below.It may be useful to read section 9 of the Ambulance Service basic training manual. left hand Atrium unexpended Atrium Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery Pulmonary veins Pulmonary veins Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava Right ventricle Right ventricle Septum Septum Left ventricle Left ventricle Arterial valve Arterial valve bicuspid valve Bicuspid valve Tricuspid valve Tricuspid valve Right atrium Right atrium Pulmonary valve Pulmonary valve Branch of pulmonary vein Branch of pulmonary vein aortic Trunk Aortic Trunk Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery Aortic branches Aortic branches Superior vena cava Superior vena cava . 2 Label the diagram. Aortic Trunk Aortic Trunk Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery Right atrium Right atrium Left ventricle Left ventricle Great cardiac vein Great cardiac vein Bradi ocephalic artery Bradiocephalic artery 3. 3 State the electrical conduction system of the heart. Your answer needs to include a description and functioning of the SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje Fibres and L&R Bundle Branches. It might be useful to incorporate a diagram of the normal sinus circle to illustrate your answer. Watch the following presentation to reinforce your understanding of this mountain chain of events. ttp//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000021. htm 1. The brain commoves electrical impulses to the heart telling it to beat. 2. The S-A node (sinoatrial node) receives the substance and sends it along the atria telling it to contract and push blood forward. 3. The A-V node (atrioventricular node) holds the current for 60 -80 milliseconds to allow blood to gather. 4. The A-V bundle takes the signal and passes it down the branches. 5. The purkinje fibres receive the signal. 6. The contractions kick downstairs as the fibres contract. 7 . The brain sends electrical impulses to the heart telling it to beat. . The S-A node (sinoatrial node) receives the message and sends it along the atria telling it to contract and push blood forward. 9. The A-V node (atrioventricular node) holds the current for 60 -80 milliseconds to allow blood to gather. 10. The A-V bundle takes the signal and passes it down the branches. 11. The purkinje fibres receive the signal. 12. The contractions happen as the fibres contract. 3. 4 Describe the purpose of different types of blood vessels. Your answer must include a description of the arteries , veins, arterioles, venules and capillaries along with their function.You may wish to include a diagram in your answer. Blood is transported around the body in a network of different blood vessels that come in different sizes. Arteries are the biggest of the blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart towards the vital organs and tissues but the only one that doesnt is the pulmonary artery. Arte rioles branch out from the main arteries and carry oxygenated blood to the capillaries and they are a lot smaller and thinner than arteries. Capillaries are smaller of the vessels and lead to the tissues where they secretary oxygen and minerals and extract carbon dioxide which is a waste product.Veins carry deoxygenates blood back to the body ready to go round the system again. Venules carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries and branchy together to make veins. Blood is transported around the body in a network of different blood vessels that come in different sizes. Arteries are the biggest of the blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart towards the vital organs and tissues but the only one that doesnt is the pulmonary artery. Arterioles branch out from the main arteries and carry oxygenated blood to the capillaries and they are a lot smaller and thinner than arteries.Capillaries are smaller of the vessels and lead to the tissues where they set oxygen and mineral s and extract carbon dioxide which is a waste product. Veins carry deoxygenates blood back to the body ready to go round the system again. Venules carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries and branchy together to make veins. 3. 5 Describe the properties of blood. Blood is essential to life your answer must describe in detail the major components of blood and their functions in maintaining homeostasis. Dont pull up stakes that blood contains more than solids.They key components you must discuss are red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and blood plasma. Begin by describing their shape and size along with their function. Bloody is a specialized body tranquil, it has four main components, red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets. Blood has many different functions including * Transporting oxygen and nutrients to lungs and tissues * Forming blood clots to prevent excess blood difference * Carrying cell and antibodies that fight infection * Bring wast e products to kidneys and liver, which drop and somewhat blood * Regulation body temperatureRed blood cells account for 40-45 % of blood volume they are a biconcave disk shape with a flatten centre. RBC contain a special protein called haemoglobin which helps carry oxygen from the lungs to rest of the body and return carbon dioxide from body to lungs to be exhaled. tweed blood cells protect body from infections. They are much less in number than RBCs, accounting for only 1% of blood. most common is neutrophil (immediate response) accounts for 55-75% of total white blood cells. Each neutrophil lives less than a day.There are other types lymphocyte which there is a T and a B lymphocyte. T attack various give cells and tumours, B makes antibodies, which are proteins that target bacteria viruses and other foreign materials. blood plasma is a liquid component of blood it is a mix of water, sugar, fat, protein and salt, plasma job is to transport blood cells throughout the body alo ng with nutrients, waste product, antibodies, clotting, and proteins, chemical substance Messages such as hormones and proteins that help maintain bodys fluid balance.Platelets clot the blood together at the site of an injury and also contain white blood cells to stop infection go into the bruise which is why the scab forms. Bloody is a specialized body fluid, it has four main components, red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets. Blood has many different functions including * Transporting oxygen and nutrients to lungs and tissues * Forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss * Carrying cell and antibodies that fight infection * Bring waste products to kidneys and liver, which filter and clean blood * Regulation body temperatureRed blood cells account for 40-45 % of blood volume they are a biconcave disk shape with a flattened centre. RBC contain a special protein called haemoglobin which helps carry oxygen from the lungs to rest of the body and return carbon d ioxide from body to lungs to be exhaled. White blood cells protect body from infections. They are much fewer in number than RBCs, accounting for only 1% of blood. Most common is neutrophil (immediate response) accounts for 55-75% of total white blood cells. Each neutrophil lives less than a day.There are other types lymphocyte which there is a T and a B lymphocyte. T attack various infected cells and tumours, B makes antibodies, which are proteins that target bacteria viruses and other foreign materials. Plasma is a liquid component of blood it is a mix of water, sugar, fat, protein and salt, plasma job is to transport blood cells throughout the body along with nutrients, waste product, antibodies, clotting, and proteins, chemical Messages such as hormones and proteins that help maintain bodys fluid balance.Platelets clot the blood together at the site of an injury and also contain white blood cells to stop infection entering the wound which is why the scab forms. 4 Know how the ner vous system supports body functions. 4. 1 Outline the role of the nervous system. Your answer should consider how the nervous system receives external and internal stimuli and conveys impulses not only to the brain, spinal cord and organs but also away from these, eliciting specific responses and in turn maintaining homeostasis. You may use diagrams and continue on a separate sheet if needed.The main function of the central nervous system is to send electrical impulse to the brain through the spinal cord and sends it back to the peripheral nervous system which causes to react and feel imposition when hurt or unwell. Somatic restiveness have control over impetus of joints whether you can move arms or legs. Autonomic nerves control the bodys natural reactions such as breathing, you get intot need to control them they happen naturally. Sympathetic nerves control things such as accelerating your heat rhythm and breathing rate.Homeostasis is the body domineering the bodys natural state and responding to change within your natural state. The stimulant receives the message telling the brain the body has a change in natural response and relays a signal to receptors which is the site where it processes the schooling and relays the message to the control centre which makes the decision on how to deal with the concomitant and return affected are back to normal state. STIMULUS sense organ C N RESPONSE EFFECTORS SThe main function of the central nervous system is to send electrical impulse to the brain through the spinal cord and sends it back to the peripheral nervous system which causes to react and feel pain when hurt or unwell. Somatic nerves have control over try of joints whether you can move arms or legs. Autonomic nerves control the bodys natural reactions such as breathing, you dont need to control them they happen naturally. Sympathetic nerves control things such as accelerating your heat rhythm and breathing rate. Homeostasis is the body controlling t he bodys natural state and responding to change within your natural state.The stimulus receives the message telling the brain the body has a change in natural response and relays a signal to receptors which is the site where it processes the information and relays the message to the control centre which makes the decision on how to deal with the situation and return affected are back to normal state. STIMULUS RECEPTOR C N RESPONSE EFFECTORS S 4. 2 Identify the components of the nervous system. Peripheral nerve Peripheral nerve spinal anesthesia cord Spinal cord Brain Brain 4. 2 Identify the components of the nervous system.Please label the diagrams. Parietal lobe Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Frontal lobe Occipital lobe Occipital lobe Cerebellum Cerebellum impermanent lobe Temporal lobe Spinal cord Spinal cord 5 Know how the skeletal system functions. 5. 1 Outline the role of the skeletal system. You should consider the skeletal system has several functions that include not only prot ection, movement and support but also blood cell production. Your answer should provide a brief explanation on how the skeletal system performs the aforementioned(prenominal) functions. The functions of the skeletal system are to support the main framework of the human body.It allows attachments of different tendons and muscles which form joints around the body which allow us to move arms and legs. The system also stores vital nutrients such as atomic number 20 which is stored within the bone marrow. The skeletal system also plays a vital role in protecting main organs around the body e. g. heart and lung found inside the thoracic cavity. With the organs been protected this allows the body to functions correctly without becoming injured. The functions of the skeletal system are to support the main framework of the human body.It allows attachments of different tendons and muscles which form joints around the body which allow us to move arms and legs. The system also stores vital nu trients such as calcium which is stored within the bone marrow. The skeletal system also plays a vital role in protecting main organs around the body e. g. heart and lung found inside the thoracic cavity. With the organs been protected this allows the body to functions correctly without becoming injured. 5. 2 Label the mug up of the skeleton Label the diagrams below Skull Skull Sternum Sternum patella Patella Sacrum Sacrum ulna Ulna Radius Radius Humerus Humerus Ribs RibsMetatarsals Metatarsals Tibia Tibia calf bone Fibula Femur Femur Radius Radius Ulna Ulna Scapular Scapular Clavicle Clavicle 5. 3 Describe the different types of skeletal joints. Your answer must provide a full description of the different types of joints in the human body. It would be useful to identify where these joints are and if needed provide a diagram. Fibrous joints are fixed or unmovable, staying same place and never move shape or size. rubberlike joints can move partly but cannot fully move within the body. E. g. rib cage, spinal column. Saddle joints, only allow flexing and extending of different limbs but cannot be rotated.The thumb is the only bone with a saddle joint. hinge joint, elbow, fingers, knees. deed only occurs in one direction, usually forward. The knee is an expulsion it allows the tush and lower leg to move side to side. Gilding joints allow two or more joints to move against each other without any scrape or friction. Pivot joints allow up to 360 degree exercise in certain joints for example the wrist is very flexible and has full rotation. Ball joints are a ball and socket joint and they provide movement and rotation such as your hips and shoulders. Fibrous joints are fixed or unmovable, staying same place and never move shape or size.Cartilaginous joints can move partly but cannot fully move within the body. E. g. rib cage, spinal column. Saddle joints, only allow flexing and extending of different limbs but cannot be rotated. The thumb is the only bone wit h a saddle joint. Hinge joint, elbow, fingers, knees. Movement only occurs in one direction, usually forward. The knee is an exception it allows the foot and lower leg to move side to side. Gilding joints allow two or more joints to move against each other without any grinding or friction. Pivot joints allow up to 360 degree Movement in certain joints for example the wrist is very flexible and has full rotation.Ball joints are a ball and socket joint and they provide movement and rotation such as your hips and shoulders. 5. 4 Outline the relationship between the muscular system and the skeleton Your answer must include the functions of ligaments, tendons and muscles in relation to bones and joints e. g. ligaments, attach one bone to another at the site of a joint tendons continuous with the sheath covering each muscle and machine-accessible to the outer surface of a bone, another muscle or the skin, muscles, feed force to produce movement.The muscular skeletal system is made up of all bones in the body and the joints and muscles that surround them this allows movement of different muscles and protection of our vital organs inside our human body. The muscular skeletal system is made up of all bones in the body and the joints and muscles that surround them this allows movement of different muscles and protection of our vital organs inside our human body. Supplementary resources and reading All the web consorts are interactive resources that you can utilise to reinforce and consolidate your understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the human body.These are interesting and informative interactive modules that you should enjoy completing. These are not compulsory however it will help you in your go along study towards becoming an Emergency Care Assistant and further in your career as a pre hospital professional. It would be helpful once you have completed these interactive modules to provide a screen shanghai of the last page confirming you have completed the module, placing this in your portfolio under unit 11 anatomy and physiology. Using the web crosstie below complete the online learning module that investigates the pulmonary and systemic circulation 1. http//www. wisc-online. om/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12704 Use the link below to reinforce your understanding of the anatomy of the respiratory system 2. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1004 The following link investigates the mechanism of breathing and the process of external and internal respiration 3. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP15104 Use the link below to consolidate your understanding of the cardiovascular system 4. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1304 This link enables you to further investigate blood and the cells found within it. 5. http//www. isc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=CLT103 6. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14604 7. http//www. wisc- online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14704 This link is a crossword puzzle that asks you to identify common cardiovascular diseases, be warned it is quite difficult. 8. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=GEN2405 The nervous system is of paramount importance to maintain homeostasis, use these links to investigate the nervous system further. The links will enable you to have a full understanding of the brain, the sympathetic nervous system and nerve fibres. 9. ttp//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14404 10. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP2704 11. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA502 12. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1903 This link follows on from the nervous system and gives a brief insight into brain injury 13. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1104 The skeletal system enables the human form to remain upright, use this link to name the bones contained within the skeleton and the skull 14. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. spx? ID=MEA304 15. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12904 16. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1503 This final resource is produced by the BBC, again very interactive and sallows you to demonstrate your knowledge of a variety of body systems. 17. http//www. bbc. co. uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/3djigsaw_02/index. s hypertext mark-up language As part of your role as a ECA you will be essential to measure a patients blood pressure, utilise the interactive tutorial to acquaint yourself with blood pressure, its measurement and consequence of abnormality 18. http//www. nlm. ih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/_no_50_no_0. htm 19. http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/index. htm (allows you to download notes to the presentation) 20. http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anato myvideos/000013. htm This resource contains hundreds on interactive tutorials on a variety of diseases, this is a valuable research tool for you to use at your leisure 21. http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials. hypertext markup language Interactive Module Links Tracking Sheet Watched Y/N Comment 1. http//www. wisc online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12704 2. http//www. isc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1004 3. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP15104 4. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1304 5. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=CLT103 6. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14604 7. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14704 8. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=GEN2405 9. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14404 10. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP2704 11. ttp//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA502 12. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1903 13. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1104 14. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=MEA304 15. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12904 16. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1503 17. http//www. bbc. co. uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/3djigsaw_02/index. shtml 18. http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/_no_50_no_0. htm 19. http//www. nlm. ih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/index. htm (allows you to download notes to the presentation) 20. http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000013. htm 21. http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials. html Criteria Achieved(? ) AssessorsComments Internal Verifiers Comments 1. 1 Label the structure of a typical cell 1. 2 Outline the definition of tissue 1. 3 Outlin e the definition of an organ 1. 4 Outline the definition of a body system 1. 5 Define directional terms used in medicine 1. 6 Label major organs within the body cavities . 1 Describe the function of the respiratory system 2. 2 Label the components of the respiratory tract 2. 3 Describe the structure of the lungs 2. 4 Outline the process of respiration 2. 5 Describe the initial management of asthma 3. 1 Outline the role of thecardiovascular system 3. 2 Label the structure of the heart 3. 3 State the electrical conduction system of the heart 3. 4 Describe the purpose of different types of blood vessels 3. 5Describe the properties of blood 4. 1 Outline the role of the nervous system 4. Identify the components of the nervous system 5. 1 Outline the role of the skeletal system 5. 2 Label the bones of the skeleton 5. 3 Describe the different types of skeletal joints 5. 4 Outline the relationship between the muscular system and the s keleton General Comments Areas for usefulness Assessor Signature Date Learner Signature Date Internal Verifier Signature Date